



Class 
Book 



Author 



Title 



Imprint 






' .•I i 

-'■■V ■, 
I ' I ■ ■ 







; — 



Guide Book 



TO THE 



Tiled Pavement 



IN THE 



Capitol of Pen nsy lvania 









.' : 






■ 












•'■■ 












Guide Book 



TO 

The Tiled Pavement 

IN THE 

Capitol of Pennsylvania 

BY 

Henry C. Mercer. 

Each mosaic in the pavement is numbered with a number stamped 
upon one of the square red background tiles close to the bottom sides 
or top of the mosaic. And each picture in this Guide Book is num- 
bered to correspond with the number of the mosaic it illustrates. 
The numbers are not set in numerical sequence. 

To find the description of a given mosaic in the Guide Book 
first observe its stamped number on the pavement then turn 
to the page indicated for this number in the numerical reference 
list of the mosaics on pages i and 2. 

A number of the mosaics have been repeatedly duplicated. A 
few have been numbered by mistake with numbers duplicated on 
other mosaics, or by numbers stamped within the limits of the mosaics 
themselves. These can be identified by their illustrations. Several 
mosaics whose numbers may or may not appear have been concealed 
under candelabra and other objects. 

Notice. 

The sequence of the ■ pictures in the Guide Book follows the 
chronological sequence of the mosaics on the pavement. 

In order to follow the mosaics in chronological sequence, ap- 
proach the Capitol in front, and enter it, not at the main middle 
doorway, but at the left wing entrance. Follow the mosaics across 
the areas of pavement by way of this entrance proceeding inwards 
and from left to right. 

The words right and left applied to aieas of pavement in this 
Guide Book refer in direction to corridors, lobbies and vestibules 
situated to the right or left hand of an individual entering the 
Capitol by the main (middle) front entrance. 

Price 25 Cents. 



Preface. 






The pavement, intended to contrast in its rough texture aud 
dominant red color with the smooth white marble walls of the Cap- 
itol, consists of upwards of four hundred plaques or mosaics, made of 
colored burned clay, set irregularly without borderings, against a 
background of small hand-made and widely-jointed red tiles. The 
patterns are made of large clay units, the outlines of which often help 
to delineate the design, as in the case of stained glass windows where 
pieces of glass, of varying size and shape, are set together with 
bands of lead, just as these units are set together with rather broad 
joints of cement. 

Varying considerably in size, but generally not more than five 
feet in diameter, or gauged so as to focus the human eye at a distance 
of five or six feet, the mosaics may stand for mere patches of har- 
monious color to the individual who rapidly walks across them, while 
it is only to him who pauses and studies them carefully that their full 
significance gradually appears. What the observer sees is less a 
picture than a decoration. The drawing is simplified so as to satisfy 
the clay process. The colors of men, animals and objects are fantastic 
and not realistic. The skies may be red, the water black, the trees 
yellow. 

Yet, though the result may please the eye and adorn the 
floor, the mosaics are intended to be not only thus decorative, but 
significant, reasonably expressing, within the limits of the craft which 
produced them, facts and events in the history of Pennsylvania and 
the life of its inhabitants. 

Beginning at the north (left) vestibule with the Indian making 
fire, chipping arrow heads, paddling his boat, smoking tobacco, culti- 
vating Indian corn, with typical inscriptions from his rock carvings 
and examples of his implements in stone, we pass to the European 
colonists felling the forest and building the log cabin, spinning, weav- 
ing, and cooking in the open fire, and to thoughts of the mining of 
coal, iron and petroleum. Thence, by way of great resultant develop- 
ments in the form of blast furnaces, oil wells, locomotive engines, 
manufactures, and the manipulation of iron, we reach the symbols of 
today in the telegraph, trolley and automobile. To preserve contin- 
ually the memory of the forest from which the State takes its name, 
the leaves of trees and the forms of reptiles, birds and animals fre- 
quently appear. Historical events are not omitted, but take a minor 
place. 

It is the life of the people that is sought to be expressed; the 
building of a commonwealth economically great, by the individual 
work of thousands of hands, rather than by wars and legislatures; 
the successful toil, the energy and self reliance of a number of Euro- 
peans, who, taking possession of a rich aud fertile region, dis- 
possessed a weaker race, removed an all-pervading forest, contended 
with the forces of nature, constructed a government, and dug up and 
utilized the riches of the soil, 



Numerical Reference List. 



1 



Numbers here set in numerical sequence to the left of the mosaic 
names, correspond with mosaic numbers stamped in the pavement. 
Numbers to the right of the mosaic names, refer to the pa.yes in this 
Guide Book containing illustrated descriptions of the mosaics per- 
taining to their stamped numbers. 



No. 



Name 



Page ! No 



Name 



Page No. 



1 Oak Leaves 22 

2 The Axe 23 

3 Sour Gum 28 

4 Log House 22 

5 Felling the Forest . 23 

6 Orchard Oriole ... 24 

7 Red-eyed Vireo ... 24 

8 Hickory 24 

9 Pioneer Rifleman . . 24 

10 Beaver 25 

11 Shovel Plow .... 25 

12 Grey Squirrel ... 24 
18 Sickle 25, 94 

14 Song Sparrow . . . 26 

15 Hickory 27 

16 Beehive 25 

17 Dutch Scvthe ... 26 

18 Baltimore Oriole . . 27 

19 Cardinal Bird ... 26 

20 Sour Gum ..... 26 

21 SharpeningScythe. 27 

22 Opossum 28 

23 Scarlet Tanager . . 27 

24 Beaver 80 

25 Indian Walk .... 28 

26 Blackbird 29 

27 Catbird .28 

28 Grey Squirrel ... 28 

29 Dinner Horn .... 29 

30 Sour Gum 29 

31 Woodpecker .... 30 

32 Hickory 29 

33 Gristmill 30 

34 Robin 80 

35 Grey Squirrel ... 30 

36 Woodpecker .... 30 

37 Spinning Flax ... 31 

38 Tin Lantern .... 31 

39 Sour Gum 31 

40 Wild Duck 31 

41 Orchard Oriole . . . 32 

42 Clearing the Forest 32 

43 Catbird 32 

44 Hawk 33 

45 Klk 83 

46 Chimney Swallow . 32 

47 Splitting Shingles . 33 

48 Woodpecker .... 34 

49 Cardinal Bird ... 33 

50 Vireo 34 

51 Screech Owl .... 35 

52 Dipping Caudles . . 34 

53 Oak Leaves .... 33 

54 Sugar Maple .... 35 

55 The Flail 35 

56 Redbud 34 

57 Sour Gum 34 

58 Cooking Applebutter 35 

60 Stove Plate 36 

61 Shovel Plow .... 86 

62 Spud 36 

63 Catching Terrapin . 87 

64 Lard Lamp .... 37 

65 Sour Gum 37 

66 Wild Duck 88 

67 Paring Apples ... 38 

68 Open Fire Frying . 38 

69 Candlestick "... 39 

70 Song Sparrow ... 38 

71 Carpenter's Hatchet 40 

72 Husking Corn ... 40 

73 Stove Plate . . . ■ • 40 

74 Kingfisher 41 

75 Swingling Flax . . 41 

76 Mortar and Pestle . 42 

77 Making Bricks ... 42 

78 Wyoming Massacre 40 

79 Heron 48 

80 Tinder Box 39 

81 Pounding Hominy . 39 



Name 



Page 



82 lluid Lamp .... 39 

82 Grasshopper ... 54 

83 Bear Trap 48 

84 Gridiron 43 

85 Quail 44 

85 Skunk - . 54 

86 Oak Leaves .... 3 

88 Domestic Turkey . 44 

89 Milking the Cow . 45 

90 Washington Cross- 

ing the Delaware 46 

91 Elk 48 

92 Butterfly 44 

93 Apples 79 

94 House Fly 44 

95 Black Bear . . . . 4(i 

95 Grasshopper .... 53 

96 Couestoga Wagon . 45 

97 Penn's Treaty ... 42 

98 Bat 42 

99 Pine Cones .... 45 

100 Dragon Flv .... 41 

101 Wooden Plow ... 56 

102 Making Farm Fence 41 

103 Locust 41 

105 Oysters 53 

106 Cider Flagon . . . 48 

107 Locomotive Engine 57 

108 Flax Reel 54 

109 The Spud 47 

110 Cherries 45 

111 Oysters 54 

112 Dutch Oven .... 55 

114 Flying Squirrel . . 56 

115 Black Bear .... 56 

116 Spinning Wool . . 48 

117 Oil Well 49 

118 Forging a Chain . . 48 

119 Pine Cones .... 47 
119% Keystone .... 51 

120 Flax Brake .... 47 

121 Loon 49 

122 Germantown Seal . 49 

123 Steel Plate .... 46 

124 Oak Leaves .... 47 

125 Skunk 50 

126 Grapes 50 

127 Liberty Bell .... 50 

129 Coal Dealer's Wagou 49 

130 Wild Duck .... 50 

131 Coal Miner .... 49 

132 Moose| 48 

183 Snapping Turtle . . 59 

134 Conestoga Wagon . 60 

135 Bat 60 

136 Churning Butter . . 57 

1 37 Letitia House . . . 56 

138 Woodpecker ... 57 
189 Keystone 55 

140 Squirrel 55 

141 Barn Owl 70 

142 Skunk 57 

143 Sickle 60 

144 Opossum 58 

145 Woman Baking . . 59 

146 Cherries 7 

147 Man Using Frow . 59 

148 Dog 58 

149 Grapes 59 

150 Loon 59 

152 Wild Cat 66 

153 House Pump ... 67 

154 Chicken Cock ... 68 

155 German School . . 68 

156 Oysters 68 

157 Loon 66 

158 Keystone 66 

159 Bumblebee .... 80 

160 Barrack 69 

101 Chickens 67 



162 Moth 69 

163 Shelling Corn ... Ii8 

164 Type Setter .... 69 

165 Porcupine 71 

166 Cricket 71 

167 The Pine 70 

168 Skillet 71 

169 Opossum .... 67 

170 The Oak 72 

171 Wild Duck .... 71 

172 Snapping Turtle . 66 

174 Cherries Ii'.» 

175 House Flv . . . . 67 

176 Grasshopper ... 70 

177 Quail 78 

178 Blast Furnace ... 71 

180 Franklin's Kite . . 79 

181 Wild Turkey ... SI 

182 Seal of Penna. . . 72 

183 Stage Coach .... 72 

184 Butterflv 711 

185 Death of Tammany 81 

186 Snapping Turtle . 46 

187 The Elm 72 

188 Clover Stripper . . S2 

189 Fitch's Steamboat . 78 

190 The Flail 85 

191 Felling the Forest . 80 

192 Chimney Swallow . 71 

192 Pears .' 81 

193 Cherries 73 

194 The Pine 79 

195 Blue Jav SO 

196 Oak Leaves .... SI 

197 Seal of Penna. . . 70 

198 Pears 79 

200 Seal of Pnila. . . . s2 

201 Husking Corn . . . S4 

202 Crow 84 

203 Shoemaker .... 84 

204 House of Steel . . 88 

205 Wolf 82 

206 Shad 86 

207 Fall of the Forest . 83 

209 School In S6 

210 School Out .... S3 

211 Seal of Bucks Co. . 74 

212 The Sower . ... 86 

214 Steel Plate .... 82 

215 Heckewaelder . . 54 

216 Factories 88 

218 Plover 85 

219 Red Bird 86 

220 Apples 86 

222 Grapes 88 

225 Seal of Penna ... 87 

226 The Pine 88 

227 Pears 84 

231 Indian Hoeing Corn 8 
237 Crow 21 

240 Mask of Owl Man . 5 

241 Banner Stone ... 9 

242 Indian Knife ... 3 

243 Ceremonial Stone . 9 

244 Stone Spade .... 4 

245 Indian Pipe .... 3 

246 Indian Net Sinker . 4 

247 Indian Spear ... 4 

248 Arrowhead .... 3 

249 Indian Making Fire 4 

250 Making Arrowheads 

251 Buttonwood .... 6 

252 Black Bear .... 5 

253 The Linden .... 6 

254 Opossum ' r ; 

255 Indian Corn .... 8 

256 Rattlesnake .... 7 

257 Mask Amulet ... 3 

258 Sweet Gum .... 6 
260 Indian Gorget . . 7 



Numerical Reference List. 



No. 

263 
264 

265 
266 
267 
268 
269 
270 
271 
272 
273 
274 
275 
276 
277 
278 
270 
280 
281 
282 
283 
284 
285 
286 
288 
288 
289 
290 
291 
292 
293 
294 
295 
296 
297 
298 
299 
300 
301 
302 
303 

304 
305 
306 
307 
308 
309 
310 
311 
312 
313 
314 



Name 



Page ' No 



Catalpa 7 

Paddling Canoe . . 9 

Indian Pipe .... 8 

Grinding Corn . . (i 

Indian Amulet . . S 

Stone Axe .... 3 

Arrowhead .... 7 

Heckewaelder . . 10 

Wolf ....... 10 

Ceremonial Stone . 12 

River of Fire . . . 15 

Indian Gorget . . 9 

Arrowhead .... 10 

Indian Pipe .... 10 

The Linden .... 5 

Spider 13 

Making Canoe . . 10 

Indian Shooting . 11 

Indian Smoking . 12 

Indian Pipe .... 13 

Arrowhead .... 13 

Indian Celt .... 14 

Grooved Axe ... 11 

Ceremonial Stone . 12 

Catalpa 11 

Redbud 12 

Grooved Stone Axe 10 

Indian Tubular Pipe 11 

The Elm 13 

Pine Cones .... 14 

Arrowhead .... 9 

Indian Drill ... 11 

Arrowhead .... 13 

Arrowhead .... 14 

Spearhead .... 14 

Massacre of Indians 13 

Indian Carving . . 20 

Mason and Dixon . 87 

Reaping Machine . 87 

Skating 85 

Declaration of In- 
dependence ... 88 
Trotting Horse . . 90 
Photographer ... 91 
Fitch's Steamboat . 91 
The Telephone . . 89 
Buttonwood .... 89 
Hoeing Corn ... 89 

The Elm 87 

Sweet Gum ... . 90 

Seal of Phila. ... 91 

Conch Horn . . . . • 88 

Potter at the Wheel 88 



Name 

Casting Iron . . 
Playing Marbles 

Sunfish 

Blue Jav 

Quail 

Wild Turkey 
Wild Cat .... 
Indian Brooch . 
Quarrying Jasper 
Rattlesnake . . . 
Primitive Smokin 
Basket Maker . . 
Wampum Belt . 

Tortoise 

Hawk or Eagle . 

Spider 

Potter Terrapin . 
Indian Brooch . 

Robin 

Rattlesnake . . . 
Indian Carvings 
Indian Carving . 
White Children . 

Red Fox 

Raccoon 

Rattlesnake . . . 
Human Head . . 
Indian Drawing 
Indian Drawing 
The Telegraph 
Bullfrog .... 
Indian Drawing 
Weasel .... 
Muskrat .... 

Locust 

Turtle Carapace 
Porcupine . . . 
Muskrat .... 
Trolley Car . . 
Franklin's Press 
Automobile . . 

Mole 

Grain F'levator 

Sheep 

Shad 

Coal Breaker . 
Pioneer Rifleman 
Flying Squirrel 

Plover 

Dragon Fly . . 
Potter Terrapin 
Rattlesnake . . 
Gasometer . . 



Page 

52 
89 
85 

20 
15 
19 
15 
15 
16 
19 
gl8 
20 
18 
19 
20 
17 
78 
22 
74 
22 
21 
19 
17 
16 
16 
IS 
17 
14 
62 
52 
](i 
21 
21 
90 
IS 
62 
20 
17 
93 
92 
91 
94 
90 
90 
93 

91 
55 
92 
9:5 
92 
93 
92 
93 



No. 



MOSAIC 
Name 



Pag* 

370 Muskrat 52 



Rabbit 

Potter Terrapin 

Battleship . . . 

Shad 

Rattlesnake . . 
Anns of Peuna. 
Iron Miner . . 
Iron Miner . . 
Gettysburg . . 
North and South 
Well Sweep . 
Blue Jay . . . 
Stephen C. Foster 
Baltimore Oriole 

Kittens 

Butterfly 52 

Oil Well 63 

Cricket 61 

Typewriter .... 64 
Gettysburg .... 94 

Chicken 51 

Shoeing the Horse 62 

Redbud (il 

Boy Rolling Hoop . 63 

Sheep 63 

Rabbit 64 

Turtle Carapace . . 65 

Crab 65 

Fox 51 

Death of Braddock 62 

Weasel 52 

Washington Cross- 
ing the Delaware . 94 

Rabbit 76 

Rattlesnake .... 76 

Mole 77 

Crab 77 

Box Tortoise ... 78 

Weasel 76 

Indian Carving . . 77 
Indian Carvings . 75 
Indian Rock Carving 77 

Raccoon 78 

Indian Turtle ... 76 

Eel 75 

Bullfrog 71 

Indian Panther . . 7S 
Grasshopper ... 76 
Song Sparrow ... 75 
Indian Carving . . 75 
Kingfisher .... 74 




Left Vestibule. 3 

Arrowhead. 248. The Indian quarried 
jasper in the Lehigh hills at Vera Cruz, Macun- 
gie and Wieder's Run. At Macungie he excavat- 
ed pits, sometimes 19 feet deep, digging over and 
disturbing several acres of the earth to this 
depth with stone spades and pointed poles, often 
cracking the native rock with fire's built upon it, 
to obtain the raw material for the point of his 
all-important arrow. 

Indian Grooved Stone Axe. 268. 

The cutting edge of the 
248 pebble or other hard 

stone, formed into the 
required axe shape by pecking with another 
stone and rubbing smooth, is necessarily dull. 
Hence to cut down a tree with one of these 
axes mounted upon a twisted withe, the In- 
dian first charred the lower trunk with fires 
built around the base of the tree. 

268 

Ceremonial Mask Amulet. 

257. One of the masks, grotesque, 
frightful, diabolic, worn in ceremonies 
by priests of the Lenni Lenape or Del- 
aware Indians, is here represented from 
an original of wood two or three inches 
long, with human face carefully carved 
and polished, furnished with Venetian 
glass-bead eyes, and consequently made 
after contact with white men. Still pre- 
served in Philadelphia, the amulet was 
presented to the family of its present 
owner by Tedyuscung, the Delaware 
257 chief. 





Oak Leaves. 86. Long lived, 
colossal, durable, with color-producing 
bark, hard wood and sawdust highly 
valued by the carpenter, the slow- 
growing oak, familiar in Europe and 
Asia, is unknown in Australia and 
tropical Africa. In various American 
forms, as the black, red, pin, white and 
swamp oak, it ennobles the forests of 
America in the north temperate zone. 
The familiar ashen-barked white oak 
was the frequently named land mark 
in old deeds. 




.. ;. !-■ 



86 




Indian Knife. 242. The mosaic shows one of 
the small, acutely pointed triangles of jasper or flak- 
able stone sharpened into chisel 
shape at the broad end, used by 
Indians unmounted for pocket 
knife, chisel, needle, punch and 
scraper. 




Indian Pipe. 245. Hav- 
ing invented the process of smok- 
ing crumbled tobacco leaves, 
alwa)^s largely mixed with osier 
24-2 cornel inner bark, or bearberry 

leaves, or other herbs, the Indian made tobacco 
pipes of clay, bonfire baked, or carved from the soapstone quarried 
along the Delaware or Potomac, or from the celebrated red pipestone 
or catlinite imported from the ancient Indian quarry in Missouri. 



245 



Left Outer Corridor. 




246 



Grooved Indian Net 
Sinker. 246. A pebble 
encircled with a shallow 
groove, was tied by Indians to 
the fish net woven of cords 
twisted from Indian hemp 
(Apocynitin cannabium) and 
other vegetable fibre, as a 
sinker. 

Indian Making 
Kire. 249. Twirl the two- 
foot-long spindle, not twice as 
thick as a lead pencil (of 
cedar, buckeye, grease wood 
or slippery elm), upon the 
edge of the hearth stick, about a foot long or less, and two or more 
inches broad, (of cedar, pine, yucca or slippery elm), so that the 
charred dust thus frayed up by 
the twirling runs over the hearth's 
edge down a notch previously cut, 
upon some dry surface, and until 
the smoking dust pile glows with an 
internal spark. Then touch the em- 
ber with tree fungus, called punk, 
and blow the latter when aglow 
against vegetable fibre ( arbor vitce 
frayed and scorched, cedar, or inner 
birch bark) for a flame in from eight 
to fifty seconds. Make your first 
experiments in a museum with origi- 
nal fire sticks, tested and well dried, 
or your ill-chosen woods and tinder 
will fail you when you seek to mas- 
ter the primeval craft of the Lenni 
Lenape, Choctaw, Cherokee, Apa- 
che, Ute, Zuni, Shoshone, Billmla or 
Klamath. The fire which it takes 

the Aino of Japan thus an hour and a half to 
make, has been produced by the dexterous 
Pueblo in a few seconds. But when you thus 
twirl the potent spindle after the fashion of the 
Masked Priest in the Mayan Codex Trojano, get 
two or three friends to help 3"ou, seizing the fire 
stick by turns, and after throwing water on the 
wood, with united desperate effort, make, if you 
can, the sacred fire of Zuni. 

Indian Stone Spade. 244. Having 
killed and dried a number of trees by "blazing" 
them, so as to admit sunlight into the forest, 

the In- . 

dian corn 
planter scratched holes in the 
primeval loam, working either 
with sharp charred sticks, or 
flat stones about six inches wide 
and one inch thick, chipped into 
the form of spades as represent- 
ed in the mosaic. 

Indian Spear. 247. 

Certain early Spanish travelers 
having noted the use of spears 
by North American Indians, we 
may infer that many of the 
chipped stone blades longer 
than 'l l /2 inches, and often found 247 




249 




244 




Left Outer Corridor. 



5 




277 



creamy summer flowers 
bees, with its large heartshaped 
leaves and dense shade, glorifies the 
Pennsylvanian forest. 



in buried hoards of more than one hun- 
dred pieces, might have been gummed and 
lashed to the ends of poles by Indians as 
spears. 

The Linden. 277. ( Tilia ameri- 

cana. ) Tracing its ancestry to the fossil 
trees of Arctic tertiary times, the noble 
linden or bass wood, with its inner fibrous 
bark or bast fit for basket making, gave 
its name (line or lind for linden) to the 
celebrated Swedish botanist, Carl L,inne, or 
as Latinized, Linnaeus. The massive no- 
ble tree, with its ruby winter buds and 
beloved by 




252 



The Black Bear. 252. 

(Ursus americanus.) With dog and 
gun, man finds a bloody amusement 
in rapidly exterminating the honey- 
loving, ant- fish- root-eating, veg- 
etarian and carnivorous black bear. 
Glossy black, brown-cheeked, dog- 
fearing, harmless (unless with cubs or 
in self-defense), the tree-climbing, 
hibernating animal was reverenced, 
almost worshipped, yet hunted and 
eaten by Indians in the primeval for- 
est. Close kin to the brown bear of 
Europe, the once abundant black bear 
in vain retires to inaccessible places to 
escape the relentless and untiring 
hatred of his human pursuer. 

Mask of the Owl Man. 240. 

The mosaic illustrates one of the cere- 
monial, horrible, human masks, sym- 
bolizing ideas of birds, animals, reptiles, 
or the forces of nature, .worn by Indian 
Priests and sometimes described by 
travelers, but rarely found by archaeolo- 
gists, as recently were many such in the 
wood-preserving mud of an East Florida 
swamp. The miniature wooden origi- 
nal, about three inches long, well 




240 



carved and polished, with convex silver 
discs for eyes, was given to the family of 
its possessor by Tedyuscung, the Eenni 
Lenape Chief. 

TheOpossum. 254. {Didelpliys 

virginiana.) Sluggish, easily caught, 
persimmo n-loving, prehensile-tailed, 
death-counterfeiting, related to the mar- 
supial kangaroo of Australia, prolific, and 
carrying its four to twelve young in a. 
breast pouch, the opossum, defying ex- 
termination by man, and hurting his 
human enemy by blood-sucking the lat- 
ter's table chickens, is here represented 
as climbing through the branches of a 
tree. 




254 



Left Outer Corridor. 




253 



Xhe Linden. 253. ( Tilia ameri- 

caua.) Tracing its ancestry to the fossil 
trees of Arctic tertiary times, the noble 
linden or basswood with its inner fibrous 
bark or bast fit for basket making, gave 
its name (line or liud for linden) to the 
celebrated Swedish botanist, Carl Linne, 
or as Latinized, Linnaeus. The massive 
noble tree, with its ruby winter buds and 
creamy summer flowers beloved by bees, 
with its large heartshaped leaves and 
dense shade, glorifies the Pennsylvanian 
forest. 



Indian Making Spear 
Blades. 250. After the manner 
of most primitive peoples in the Stone 
Age, the Indian begins to make the 
stone blade by chipping a flakable 
mass of natural jasper as only he can 
chip it, into a leaf -shaped pattern, by 
means of hammering with a quartzite 
pebble. Seated near one of the nat- 
ural outcrops of jasper in the Lehigh 
hills, the master craftsman, whether 
Delaware, Nanticoke, Iroquois or Sus- 
quehannock, until about the year 
1G50, with a skill never equaled by 
civilized peoples, made blades large 
or small, thin or thick, for use as 
arrow points, spearheads, knives, 
scrapers or perforators. 




250 




Sweet Gum. 258. {Liquidambar 
styracifln.a.') The lofty, erect, sweet gum, 
with its burrlike, brown winter fruit, 
winglets of corky bark skewered through 
its branchlets like the scales of an alligator, 
called liquid-ambar and alligator wood, 
is not so resinous as its Asiatic cousins 
producing the storax gum. With its five- 
pointed leaves of unsurpassable beauty, it 
outvies the foliage of maple trees in the 
flaming glory of its autumn color. 



258 



Button wood. 251. {Platanus occi- 
dentalis. ) The huge sycamore tree, seventy 
to one hundred feet high, with conspic- 
uous scaly bark, is decorated over win- 
ter with brown button-shaped fruit. 
Massive limbed, with open shade, early 
bared in autumn, and with scaly bark 
glittering white green and gray along 
the river, the tree was the farmer's choice 
of old to shade the spring house. 



Indian Grinding Corn. 
266. In a stone dish hollowed by 
pecking with another stone, by means of 
the precious and laboriously made slim 
stone cylinder, the pestle, the Indian 
woman pulverized grains of maize, dry 
or fire parched, into a meal, mixable 251 

with mashed boiled pumpkins, beans or 
chestnuts, and baked, with dried venison or huckleberries, on a hot 




Left Outer Corridor. 





269 



stone, or in oak bark 
embers, thus origin- 
ating the " johnny," 
"hoe" and "ash" 
cake of the imitative 
Virginia negro. 

Arrowhead. 

269. Although the 
irregular and eccen- 
tric unchipped stone 
flakes of the Easter 
Islanders and pre- 
historic Japanese were not known in 
266 America, there was a great variety of 

f o r m in 

the points of Indian arrows, chief of 

which may be noted the barbed, as here 

shown, for lacerating a wound, and the 

unbarbed which would pull out easily. 

Cherries. 146. {Cerasus.) Rival 
of the strawberry, beloved of boys and 
birds, associated with the flavor of cherry 
bounce and pie, the delicious European 
fruit, in its best known forms of pie, ox- 
heart, or black cherry, when freshly im- 
ported, and grown by the log cabin of the 
pioneer, may have been seen by the 
Indian before his expiilsion from Penn- 
sylvania. 146 
The Pennsylvanian must thank the 

horticulture of his European ancestors 
for this fair fruit of early summer, 
brought to Europe by Lucullus the 
Roman epicure, from Cerasus of Asiatic 
Pontus. Cultivated for centuries in 
France England and Germany, the 
cherry tree, if in Pennsylvania degen- 
erating in fruit, has not failed in the 
magnificence of its white bloom, which, 
gladdening the roadsides when the 
meadow lark sings his spring song, only 
yields to those blossoms which the Japa- 
nese wonder at on April seventh. 

Indian Picture of the Rat« 





256 



tlesnake. 256 

only but throughout the world, the serpent, 
hated, worshipped and feared, pervades in 
thought and shape the religious symbolism of 
primitive peoples. Here, it is the malignant 
head with open jaws, surrounded by a scaled 
coil of the deadly rattlesnake ( Crotalus horri- 
drts), as scratched by a mound-building Indian 
upon a breast plate of shell, that the mosaic 
reproduces. 



Not in America 




260 



Indian Gorget. 260. One of the thin 
tablets of slate or shale, generally smooth and 

oblong, perforated with two holes, frequently found at Indian village 
sites, and in mounds; or when in graves, generally near the breast of 
the skeleton, and called gorgets, though the early travelers do not 
describe them in use. 

Catalpa. 263. {Catalpa catalpa.) Native of the warmer 
forests of the Gulf vStates, transplanted from the South to the Penn- 
sylvanian woods, the large-leaved, heavily white-flowered candle tree, 



Left Outer Corridor; 




263 



or Indian bean, or catalpa, as the 
Cherokees called it, has escaped from 
cultivation in the North, to scatter its 
winged seeds and shine with its white 
and purple-tinted flowers in shady 
woods and along the banks of streams. 

Indian Corn. 255. Cultivated 
universally in the New World, pro- 
tected from winter death by continual 
care, cooked by the Indians in many 
prehistoric ways not yet imitated, 
propagated far north of its Mexican 
birthplace, the world-wide, the prolific 
and super-nourishing maize {Zea 
mays) the beautiful, or Indian corn, 

achieves a popularity as great in the eyes of 

civilized as of savage man. Civilization may 

not thank the Indian for his great gift, but the 

discoverers brought maize in triumph to Spain , 

and because no European carved or painted 

design shows the plant before Columbus, be- 
cause literature fails to mention it, this so-called 

gukurutz of Turkey, the grano turko of Italy, 

masking its American origin in Oriental names, 

testifies to the agriculture of the Indian. As 

excessively eaten by man in I,ombardy (under 

the familiar name of polenta) and cause of the 

disease called pelegra, waving its green fronds 

in Turkey, gladdening the plains of Asia and 

the clearings of the Congo, whether indigenous 

to darkest Africa or not, the plant may justly 

be regarded as one of the Indian's greatest gifts 

to the civilized world. 




255 




Indian Pipe. 265. The mo- 
saic shows a remarkably worked 
black stone nearly a foot long, carved 
by Indians with immense pains for 
use as a tobacco pipe. The specimen, 
suggesting in form the tail of an eel, 
belongs to the large class of pre- 
columbian Indian or Mound Builder 
pipes of clay or carved stone, made 
in animal and grotesque patterns or 
as straight tubes, and illustrating 

the origin of the now widespread habit of tobacco smoking by man. 

This class of pipes is easily distinguished from another class of small 

well burned clay pipes, often of Dutch make, 

and often found at Indian village sites, sold 

by Europeans (by about 1650) to the Indians, 

after the former had learned from the latter 

how to smoke tobacco and make pipes. 



265 



Indian Amulet. 267. Stones three 
or four inches long, carved into highly con- 
ventionalized forms of 




fP® 




267 



231 



animals, reptiles, or 
very frequently birds, though not noticed in 
native use by early travelers, are continually 
found in Indian mounds and at village sites 
and called amulets for want of a better name. 

Indian Hoeing: Corn. 231. Sparsely 
grown or still barren and forest encompassed 
areas, called by farmers "Indian fields" in 
Pennsylvania, and still existing in original 
timber land, probably show aboriginal "clear- 



Left Outer Corridor. 




293 



ings," where having destroyed trees by blazing, and 
hacked them down with stone axes after charring the 
trunks, the Indians planted corn. The mosaic shows 
an Indian woman digging around the growing maize 
plant with an unhafted stone hoe. 

Arrowhead. 293* These stone points for the 
wooden shafts of the Indian's arrows, have been 
found in Pennsylvania almost everywhere, and con- 
stitute the chief relics of the stone age. 




243 



Indian Ceremonial Stone. 243. 

Carved by Indians at immense pains by means of 
pecking, sand rubbing and polishing, and perfor- 
ated with hollow reed drill and wet sand. A mul- 
titude of little stones, three or four inches long 
like this, found in ancient mounds and village 
sites, having been unnoticed and unexplained by 
early missionaries and travelers who might have 
observed them in use by the Indians, have been 
ignorantly called "ceremonial" stones by the 
modern archaeologist. 

Indian Paddling- Canoe. 
264. With skillful twisting stroke of 
the wooden paddle, the Indian propels 
his light, keelless, nail and pegless, 
equi-ended boat, made of large strips of 
the wonderful bark of the paper birch 
tree, {Betula papyri/era), sewn upon 
a wooden frame with root fibre threads, 
and gummed together. 

The Banner Stone. 241. 

Found in Indian village sites, graves 

and mounds, 

from three to 

sixincheslong, 

transversely 
pierced, and worked by pecking, grinding 
and rubbing into two wing like projections, 
the mysterious stone here represented, be- 
longs to a type of relics of the vanished 
Indian and Mound Builder, frequently 
found, but not having been explained by 
observation of the early travelers, called 

Banner Stone for want of a better name. 




264 




241 




Indian Ceremonial Gorget. 274. 

Thin tablet of shale or slate, generally perfora- 
ted with two or more holes for suspension. 
Sometimes 
notched up- 
on the edges 
but very rare- 
274 ly decorated. 

Frequently found in Pennsylvania 
at the sites of Indian villages, or 
when at Indian graves, close to the 
breast of the skeleton. The Len- 
ape Stone found in Bucks County, 
inscribed with a rude picture rep- 
resenting the sun, moon, stars and 
lightning, and a conflict between 
Indians and the extinct hairy mam- 
moth ( Elephas primigen his ) , elab- 
orately carved on its reverse with 
symbolic figures, inadequately studied or ignored by archaeologists, 
outvies in archaeological interest all such stones pre viously found. 




271 



10 



Left Outer Corridor. 



/Wolfl 271. {Cams occidental! s.) Hunting in winter packs, run- 
ning down foxes and smaller animals, or destroying the larger disabled 
elk or moose, howling, burrowing, always hungry, tamed by savages, 
and part ancestor of the friendly dog, the American gray wolf, de- 
vourer of sick bison and bison calves and do- 
mestic cattle, has been more easily driven off 
and exterminated than his fierce cousin of 
northern Europe. 




289 



Indian Grooved Stone Axe. 
289. The stone axes of prehistoric Europe 
were perforated for the insertion of handles. A 
few grooved hammers or axes of stone have 
been found in Italy, and they occur in Aus- 
tralia, but the American Indian seems peculiar 
in having universally made these implements 
and mounted them by binding with rawhide 
thongs, handles of wyths, or doubled or perfor- 
ated sticks, around and about the grooves worked 
upon the stone. 




276 



Indian Pipe. 276. The mosaic shows a 
remarkably worked black stone carved by In- 
dians with much pains for use as a tobacco 
pipe. The specimen belongs to the large 
class of precolumbian Indian or Mound Builder pipes of clay or carved 
stone, made sometimes in animal and grotesque patterns, or as straight 
tubes, and illustrates the origin of the now widespread habit of tobacco 
smoking by man. This class of pipes is easily distinguished from an- 
other class of small well burned clay pipes, often of Dutch make, and 
often found at Indian village sites, sold by Europeans (by about 1650) 
to the Indians, after the former had learned from the latter how to 
smoke tobacco and make pipes. 

Ilecltewaelder Preaching to the Indians. 270. 

The Moravian missionar}', min- 
ister of Christ's peace and 
brothei'hood among Indians, 
venerable, noble, beloved, up- 
holding a friendship for the red 
man equal to that proclaimed 
by Penn, but which long out- 
lived the latter's transmutation 
into race hatred among the rul- 
ing colonists, here preaches to 
the Lenape, after a common 
fashion, standing upon a stump 
in the partly cleared woods. 

Arrowhead. 275. The 

Indians sometimes pounded 
malleable native copper into 
arrowheads, but otherwise ignor- 
ant of metal working, they, like 
most primitive peoples, chipped 
flakable stones to suit their 
The gunflint makers 




270 




275 



purpose 
of the last century, until recently surviving at Brand 
on in Sussex in England, working the flint with iron 
hammers, illustrate in a coarse and clumsy manner, 
the high skill of the prehistoric blade chipper, which 
no modern imitator has been able to equal. 

Indian Making: Dugout Cance. 279. 

Having felled by charring and hacking its base, a 
tree, the Indian seated astride the log, cuts out with 
a grooved stone axe the charred areas of successive 
fires built upon the wood and restricted by the appli- 



Left Outer Corridor. 



11 




cation of water and clay, into the de- 
sired hollow boat. 



Indian 
294. The 



Drill. 

mosaic 
shows one of the small 
narrow acute angled tri- 
angles of jasper or 
other flakable stone, 
sharpened at the broad 
end and anciently used 
by the Indians unhafted 
as pocket knife, needle, 
chisel, punch a n d 
scraper. 




294 



279 




Indian Tubular Tobacco 

Pipe. 290. Perforate a stone six to 

eight inches long at immense pains, by 

bow drilling it from both ends with a 

hollow reed helped by sand and water. 

Enlarge the hole at one end or both. 

Rub round and polish the whole tube, and you 

produce ;is the Indian produced it, one of the 

earliest forms of tobacco pipes, through which as 

seen in prehistoric manuscripts of Yucatan, the 

masked Indian priest in certain ceremonies blew 

the smoke of odoriferous herbs to the four world 

quarters. 

Indian Shooting- with the Bow 
and Arrow. 280. A few primitive races of 
the world were probably ignorant of the bow as 
the great weapon of war and chase. The kneel- 
ing Indian propels a deadly point of chipped 
jasper (an arrowhead), lashed and glued to the 
end of a stick ( the arrow) , by the spring of a deer 
290 thong or gut drawn backward from a flexible stick 

(the bow); thus using the 

greatest of all war and hunting 

weapons ever developed by 

primitive man, yet unknown to 

the Australians who used the 

boomerang instead. 

Grooved Indian 
Axe. 285. The stone axes of 
prehistoric Europe were per- 
forated for the insertion of han- 
dles. A few grooved hammers or 
axes of stone have been found 
in Italy and they occur in Aus- 
tralia, but the American Indian 
seems pe- 
c u 1 i ar in 
having uni- 
versally 

made these implements and mounted them by 
binding with rawhide thongs, handles of withes, 
or doubled or perforated sticks, around and about 
the grooves worked upon the stone. 

Catalpa. 288. {Catalpa catalpa.) Native 
of the warmer forests of the Gulf States, trans- 
planted from the South to the Pennsylvanian 
woods, the large-leaved, heavily white-flowered 
28 5 candle tree, or Indian bean, or catalpa as the 





280 



12 



Left Outer Corridor. 




288 



Cherokees called it, has escaped from 
cultivation in the North, to scatter its 
winged seeds and shine with its white 
and purple tinted flowers in shady 
woods and along the banks of streams. 

Indian Smoking Tobacco. 
281. {Nicotiana tabacum.) In small 
doses and always combined with a large 
i proportion of aromatic leaves such as 
j those of the bearberry, or the fine dried 
and powdered inner bark of the osier 
cornel (Cornus stolon if era), or other 
herbs, but never pure, the Indian 
smoked the dried leaves of tobacco. 
[Nicoiiana tabacum.) If the Chinese 








286 



did not indirectly learn the strange art, 
from the Indians' immemorial practice, 
the latter certainly through Nicot, Haw- 
kins and Raleigh, taught it to Spain, 
France, England, Holland and Germany, 
and even to the conservative Moham- 
medan, who did not mention the practice 
in "The Thousand and One Nights." 

Indian Ceremonial Sto ne. 

286. C a r v ed by 

Indians at immense 
pains by means of 
pecking, sand rub- 
bing and polishing, 
I and perforated with 
hollow reed drill and 281 

wet sand. ' A multi- 
tude of little stones three or four inches long like 
this, found in ancient mounds and village sites, 
having been unnoticed and unexplained by 
early missionaries and travelers who might have 
observed them in use by Indians, have been 
ignorantly called ceremonial stones by the modern archaeologist. 

Redbttd. 288. (Cercis canadensis.) Where a wild van- 
guard of southern redbud or Judas trees grow in the Susquehanna 
woods, stand beneath the yet leafless 
boughs gleaming in crimson blossoms, 
and while the bees hum and the spring 
zephyr brings memories of the far away 
southern forests, forget even the snowy 
shad bush and the white vernal glory of 
the matchless dogwood. 

Indian Ceremonial Stone. 

272. Thin tablet of shale or slate, gener- 
ally perforated with two or 
more holes for suspension, 
sometimes notched upon 
the edges, but very rarely 
decorated. Frequentl y 
found in Pennsylvania at 

the sites of Indian villages, or when at Indian graves, 
close to the breast of the skeleton. The Lenape stone 
found in Bucks County, inscribed with a rude picture 
representing the sun, moon, stars, and lightning, and 
a conflict between Indians and the extinct hairy 
mammoth {Elephas priwigenius), and elaborately 
„ T p carved on its reverse side with symbolic figures, in- 





288 



Left Outer Corridor. 



13 




278 
Indians by 'Whites. 

dead, and his friendship for 
the Indian transmuted in- 
to a tide of race hatred 
which the pious Moravian 
strives in vain to stem. 
Then in 1763 a Scotch-Irish 
band of borderers known as 
the Paxton Boys, shocked 
the colony by murdering at 
Conestoga and in Lancaster 
Jail several defenseless Con- 
estoga Indians, Christianized 
by the Moravians. 



adequately studied or ignored 
by archaeologists, outvies in- 
archaeological interest all such 
stones previously found. 

The Spider. 278. Type 
of nature's mystic power, first 
instructor of man in weaving, 
aerial rope-maker, sinister, in- 
domitable, potent, transmitter 
of the primeval fire of the Cher- 
okee across the "World Water" 
on his gossamer web, the spider 
encircled by the lines of his 
masterful skein is here shown 
as carved by an Indian upon a 
brooch of shell. 



Massacre of Friendly 
298. William Penn is long since 







298 




Triangular Indian Arrowhead. 283. 

Out of about one hundred typical forms of chipped 
stone arrowheads, produced by the aboriginal in- 
habitants of the new world from Behring Straits to 
Patagonia, one of the conspicuous shapes is that of 
the acute angled triangle, frequently found in eastern 
Pennsylvania and rare if not unknown to prehistoric 
Europe. 



283 



Arrowhead. 295. The Indians sometimes 
pounded malleable native copper into arrowheads, 
but otherwise ignorant of metal working, they like 
most primitive peoples, chipped fiakable stones to 
suit their purpose. 





295 



The Elm. 291. ( Ulmus americana. ) Less 

conspicuous and beloved for village shade than in 

New England, the American white or water elm 
of Pennsylvania, often 
vase shaped in the 
outline of its plumed 
branches, loves water courses and escapes 
the barbarism of Pennsylvania German 
village tree-topping, in moist woods. The 
most noted tiee of its kind in Pennsyl- 
vania, venerated as shading the celebrated 
treaty of Penn with the Indians at Ken- 
sington in 1082, and protected from fire- 
wood hunters by the British General Siui- 
coe's sentry in the Revolution, blew down 
in 1810 at an age of 283 years. 

Indian Pipe. 282. Having invented 
291 the process of smoking crumbled tobacco 



i& 



Left Outer Corridor. 




282 



leaves, always largely mixed with osier cornel inner 
bark or bearberry leaves or other herbs, the Indian 
made for the purpose pipes of clay and baked them 
in bonfires, or pipes carved from the soapstone 
quarried along the Delaware or Potomac, or cut 
from the celebrated red pipe-stone or catlinite im- 
ported from the ancient Indian quarry in Missouri. 

Indian Celt. 284. Though the grooved 
stone axe of the ancient Americans is generally 
unknown in prehistoric Europe, the celt, a wedge- 
shaped stone implement six inches or more long, 
formed by pecking and polishing, gummed and tied 
transeversely or longitudinally with withe or raw 
hide into its handle of wood, or held loose in the 
human hand, was common to both hemispheres, and 
served the savage of ancient America or Europe as 
knife, scraper, chisel, wedge, hatchet, gouge, crusher 
and grinder. 

Arrowhead. 296. The ancient Egyptians 
and Scandinavians and the Mexicans, possessing 
fine grained flint or volcanic glass called obsidian, 284 

were probably more skillful in the art of 
stone blade chipping than the northern 
Indians of eastern "North America, who were 
seen to produce their stone blades in various 
ways: by percussion, by flaking with pebble 
hammers, by leverage, or by direct pressure 
with deer antlers or bone points. 





296 



Spearhead. 297. 

shaped stone blades were 
mounted on short wooden 
handles as knives, and 
many were used un- 
mounted; others again, as 
the illustrations of early 
Spanish explorers show, 
were fastened upon the 
ends of poles and used as 
spears by Indians 



Many large leaf- 




297 



Pine Cones. 292. Represented. by about 

39 related species in the United States, shallow 

rooted, evergreen, highly valued for its white wood 

distilled for turpentine and pitch, 
darkening the Rocky Mountain 
slopes or sandy seacoast, whisper- 
ing in varied teolian tones, and 
as the white pine {Finns strobns) 
rivalling in beauty the cedar of 
Lebanon or the deodar of India, 
the pine tree rapidly destroyed by 
American axe and movable saw, 
awaits its last chance of preserva- 
tion as a tree domesticated for 
ornament. 

Indian Rock Picture. 
340. Man, bird or demon, made 
probably by Delaware, Iroquois or 
Susquehannock Indians, by peck- 
ing with sharp hard stones upon 
292 the face of a large water-worn 

boulder known as Big Indian Rock, in niid-Susquehanna at Safe 
Harbor, cut near a group of thunderbirds, symbolic eagles, animals. 




Left Lobby. 



is 





bird tracks and a human head, on the 
east face of the rock. 

Quail. 3I9« {Ortyx virgin- 
ianus.) Prolific, ground-nesting, 
non-migratory, gathering in winter 
coveys, preserved by game laws, ris- 
ing for the sportsman with explosive 
whirring of wings, cheering summer 
with his lively " bob white " note 
how did the now 
meadow -loving 
quail subsist in 
the earlier days 
meadowless forests? 

Indian Brooch Inscribed With 

a Cross Symbol. 322. Whether derived 

from thoughts of the four points of direction, 

from primitive exorcisms, from the worship of 

reproductive forces or otherwise, the cross used 

as a symbolic decorative form far antedating 

the discovery of America by Columbus, is 

sometimes shown in the handiwork of the 

Indian. Here the mosaic reproduces the native 319 

design scratched upon a 
shell gorget. 

Wild Cat. 3«i. 

{Lynx rufus.) Yellow- 
ish brown, short tailed, 
with hair tufts on ears, 
spotted with dark brown 
or black, scaring its prey 
with a wild scream, sleep- 
ing in hollow trees, caves 
or rock shelters, destroy- 
ing young birds ir the 
nest, mincing catnip, wal- 
lowing in strong scented 
herbs, stalking rabbits 
and grouse in the twilight 
of dawn or eve, unearth- 
ing mice or watching at 
322 squirrel holes, the wild 

cat springs from ambush or overhead bough upon his larger prey. 

This relative of the domestic cat, lion, tiger, leopard, and fossil 

American sabre-toothed smilo- 

don, has been driven by his 

old enemy the Pennsylvanian 

farmer to the few remaining 

forest, fastnesses of the Al- 

leghenies. 




The River of Kire. 
273. The iridescent scum 
floating on the furface of Oil 
Creek, long afterwards precious 
as petroleum, then soaked up 
by the savage as a lotion, is 







321 



here set on fire by Indians in the seventeenth century, according 
to an old account, in honor of a visit of Canadian Jesuit priests, 
who stand upon the bank admiring the spectacle. 



16 



Left Lobby. 




273 



Indian Quarrying 
Jasper. 323. With crow 
bar made of a young tree 
burned down, charred at the 
end, and hacked to a point 
with a stone axe, the Indian 
quarryman pries a mass of 
jasper, cracked by fire, from 
the native ledge, as at Dur- 
ham in Bucks County, at 
Macungie, and at Vera Cruz 
in Lehigh County with its 
250 prehistoric digg ngs, 
where he thus worked at 
the bottom of pits eighteen 
feet deep. 



Red Fox. 336. ( Vilifies fulviis. ) 
Sly, stealthy, slit-eyed, night hunting, 
cleanly, devourer of birds, chickens, 
mice, moles, squirrels, fish, beetles, or 
fruit, less swift than his European cousin, 
whether as the red fox of the north or 
the grey fox of the south, the celebrated 
animal, either burrowing in the earth or 
living in rocks and hollow trees, is re- 
spected and hated by man. Driven into 
nets or dug out for extermination until 
about 1650 in Britain, the fox began to 
alure the red-coated hunter and his 
hounds by the end of the 17th century. 
Thenceforward, partially protected as a 
target for sport, glorified by his destroyer 
in the fun of pictures, horns, hounds, 
redcoats, Irish reels, club rooms and balls, 
he becomes 
the type of 
the national 
sport of Eng- 
land trans- 
ferred to America. 





323 



who has 
sylvania 



The Raccoon. 337. {Procyon 
lotor. ) Cousin to the bear, hibernating 
in winter, feeding on shellfish, mussels, 
birds, turtle eggs, insects, nuts, fruits, 
frogs and corn, soaking its food in water, 
this gray-brown animal with white- 
striped tail, dwelling in trees, hunting at 
night, and a good swimmer, is easily 
tamable as a 
pet by man, 
not exterminated him in Penn- 



336 



Bullfrog - . 343. {Ratio, caiesbiana.) 
Prolific, laying thousands of eggs in 
warm water, which pass from tadpole 
to frog in early summer days, making 
summer nights echo with his deep bel- 
lowing, feeding upon insects, snails and 
reptiles, the bullfrog has rathe in- 
creased than diminished in numbers 




337 



Left Lobby. 



17 




the destruction of the great 



343 



since 
forest, 



Indian Symbol of the Hu- 
man Head. 339. As a probable 
representation of the head of a man with 
protruding scalp lock, the mosaic shows 
one of the many figures, here in outline 
but generally in full intaglio, pecked.by 
Indians with hard sharp stones on the east 
face of Big Indian Rock in the Susque- 
hanna rap- 
id s at Safe 
Harbor. 



The Muskrat. 350. {Fiber 
zibethicus. ) The amphibious prolific 
muskrat, inhabiting lakes and streams, 
invading cultivated lands, threatening 
dams and canals, destroying the water- 
lily and lotus where they had flourished 
before, defies man's effort to dig him out 
and exterminate him, and increases rather 
than disappears before the same civiliza- 




339 




350 




tion which, in exterminating the blood- 
letting mink which had filled the musk- 
rats' galleries with blood in the past, 
has withdrawn from the life struggle 
the mnskrat's worst enemy. 

Indian Drawing; of the 
Spider. 330. Aerial rope-maker 
and weaver, poisonous, indomitable, po- 
tent, the spider has commanded the 
venerating attention of the savage. 
Here the mosaic reproduces a drawing 
by the Indian who, conventionalizing 
the outline of the insect with great 
skill, scratches it upon the concave 

face of a shell, used as a breast 

plate or gorget. 

White Children Res- 
cued toy Indians. 335. 

For a time Penn's roseate dream 
of loving brotherhood between 
European and savage, typified 



330 

by the famous treaty of the great elm, 
seemed realized. Not yet overreached 
by the land purchase known as the 
Indian Walk, still uninjured, unangered, 
unsuspecting, the red men with no 
wrongs to revenge, mingled kindly with 
the foreigner. Early in the eighteenth 
\ century, two little white children named 




335 



18 



Left Lobby. 




325 

liam Penn by the Lenni 
Lenape Indians, at the 
famous treaty under the 
elm tree at Shackamaxon 
(the Kensington north 
suburb of Philadelphia), 
in 1682. Several thousand 
multi-colored fragments 
of unio or elam shell, 
about one-quarter inch in 
diameter and one-half 
inch long, were longitud- 
inally pierced by Indians 
at great pains with stone 



Chapman, lost in the forest near 
Wrightstown, Bucks County, were 
kindly rescued by Indians and re- 
stored to their distressed parents. 

Primitive Tobacco 
Smoking, 325« Not probably 

until in ceremonies and exorcisms, 
the smoke of odoriferous herbs had 
thus been blown by Indian priests 
to the four world quarters through 
tubes of stone or clay, would sopor- 
ific tobacco be preferred to other 
plants, or as kinnikimiick, when 
mixed with bearberry leaves or 
osier cornel under bark, be smoked 
for pleasure by the Indian inventor 
of smoking. 

Treaty Wampum Belt. 

327. Great belt of purple black 
and white shell-beads, representing 
an Indian shaking hands with a 
hatted European, reasonably be- 
lieved to have been given to Wil- 




327 

or bone drills. More precious than 
gold to the red man as "wampum," 
"peg," "slawant," "beak," or "ro- 
noak," sometimes passing as monev 
ou strings, or used as seals to sol- 
emnize the acts of men. or at animal 
sacrifices, and as symbolic of war 
(where white meant faith, black 
meant battle, and red meant blood), 
in the form of beads, they were 
strung on vegetable fibre threads in- 
terwoven with animal thongs so as 
to form a belt. 



Locust. 347. ( Cicada septem 
decim. ) With summer song as fa- 
miliar to the country boy as the "knee-deep" of frogs in early 
spring, hatched from twig deposited eggs to crawl downwards antlike 
into the ground, buried for seventeen years or less as an eyeless grub, 
the misnamed insect is related to many varieties of cicada ( not locust ) 
in the old and new world, but neither to the grassbopperlike insect of 
the biblical Egyptian plague, the pest of modern north Africa, nor to 
the food eaten by St. John the Baptist. 

Rattlesnake. 338. {Crotalus horridus.) Less poisonous 
than the cobra of India, or the fer de lance of Martinique, devourer of 
small rodents, the deadly rattlesnake where he survives in the Appa- 
lachians from New Hampshire to Florida, is justly dreaded by man. 




347 



Left Lobby. 



19 




(33& Continued) 
About four feet long, sluggish, 
coiling, rattling, reluctantly strik- 
ing, the brown or blackish yellow 
diaper-striped snake was i: voided 
and venerated by Indians and 
white men, and but very rarely 
conciliated by snake loving moun- 
taineers who dare to pick up the 
fanged reptile in their hands. 

"Wild Turkey. 320. 

(Meleagris gallopavo.) While 
the colonist and farmer readily 



gives a place in the farm yard to 
the domesticated turkey, tamed for 
him by ancient Mexicans and cliff- 
dwelling Indians, he rapidly extermin- 
ates the wild bird which Franklin had 
wished to use as a national emblem. 
•A native of America, the domestic 
turkey called Welsch Hahn in Ger- 
many, spread into Europe so soon 
after Columbus's discovery as to be 
painted in the barn yard scenes of 
Italy, by the painter Bassano early in 
the sixteenth century. 

Rattlesnake as Pictured 
toy Indians. 324. The head 
with open mouth of the fearful rattle- 
snake ( Crotalushorridus), surrounded 
by a coil of the scaly body ending in 

its rattle, 





324 




328 



320 

highly conventionalized 
after the manner of other designs 
found in Indian mounds, and upon 
wooden masks excavated in Florida. 
The mosaic here reproduces a carv- 
ing deeply scratched upon a breast 
plate of shell by the mound building 
Indians. 

Indian Rock Carving. 
334. One of nearly 200 other animal 
figures, probably a bear, pecked with 
a sharp stone by Indians against 
the side of 
Little In- 
dian Rock 
in the Sus- 
quehanna 
rapids at 
Safe Har- 
bor. 

334 

Tortoise. 328. Celebrated in 
white man's story and legend, vener- 
ated as an emblem of wisdom by the 
Indian, the sluggish unwieldy reptile, 
heavily armored above and below by 
carapace and plastron, resists without 
much effort the attack of many 




20 




318 




329 



Left Lobby. 

enemies; sometimes defying the tearing of the 
eagle's beak and talons as when, if legend be 
true, a bird of prey high in the air, killed the 
Greek poet Aeschylus by dropping a tortoise 
upon his head. 

The Blue Jay. 318. ( Cyanura cris- 
tata.) The trumpet cry of the blue jay 
startles the quiet woods while his wings flash 
azure through the leaf shadows, as upon his 
omnivorous search for food he seizes the 
autumnal chestnut, or in spring devours young 
birds and steals bird eggs, no less remorse- 
lessly than the ornithologist multiplies his 
skins for the cabinet, or the lady distorts his 
blue stuffed form, glass eyed, upon her hat. 

The Hawk or Eagle. 329. Rep- 
resented by many species, caricatured by the 
bird stuffer, "taken" and retaken by the 
ornithologist, nailed to the barnside by the 
farmer who hates him, the hawk or his eagle 
brother was yet admiringly adopted as a 
national emblem b)' aristocrat, king and dem- 
ocrat, stamped upon the "almighty dollar," 
and glorified in stone carvings by the savage 
Indian as the genius of thunder. Devourer of 
birds, frogs, rodents and reptiles, and of the 

flesh foods appropriated by 
man, soaring above clouds 
in mastery of the gift of 
flight, darting like light- 
ning upon his prey, the 
wonderful bird, less wary 
than the crow, proclaims 
by his existence a victory 
hard won in a never ending 
struggle with his human 
enemy. 

Indian Basket 
Maker. 326. Only less 
important to primitive man 
than the plastic clay uten- 
sil, is the basket as here 
plaited by an Indian woman 
in one of many masterful 
plaits. Sometimes water- 
tight, decorated with con- 
ventionalized and artistic- 
ally balanced patterns, the 
Indian basket was usually 
superior in make and dec- 
oration to the wares of 
326 civilized peoples. 

Indian Rock Carving. 
299. One of the animal figures, 
probably a panther, pecked by Indians 
by pounding with a sharp stone 
against the smooth, freshet-worn, 
eastern side of a large boulder known 
as Big Indian Rock", in the middle of 
the rapids of the Susquehanna at 
Safe Harbor. 

Porcupine. 349. {Erethizon 

dorsatus. ) The largest carnivore hardly 299 





Left Lobby. 



21 




349 



(349 Continued) 
dares attack the irritating ball of 
arrows which constitutes the bristling 
defensive armor of the porcupine, who 
by a slash of the tail may defeat his 
attacking enemy with a suddenly in- 
jected mouth-paralyzing volley of his 
sometimes deadly barbed quills. Tree 
climbing, greedy of salt, devouring 
the inner bark of elm, basswood and 
hemlock trees for food, the non-hiber- 
nating animal who nests in a hollow 
tree, was hunted by Indians for food 
and for his quills valued as decora- 
tions for moccasin, belt and pouch. 



Indian Rock Picture. 344. 

Thunderbird with Forked Tail. One of 
about twenty figures of men, animals and 
their tracks, reptiles, birds and demonic 
symbols, pecked with stones by Indians upon 
the sides of Big Indian Rock, near the much 
more profusely inscribed fellow boulder, 
Little Indian Rock, in mid-Susquehanna at 
Safe Harbor. The grinding of driftwood in 
freshets slowly erases these wierd and 
sinister symbols of a vanished race, placed 
in the midst of roaring and dangerous rapids. 

Indian Rock Carvings. 333. 

Two figures representing the human form, 

carved by Indians, together with a large 344 

number of pictures of animals, birds and 
their tracks, and reptiles, upon the faces 
of two large boulders known as Big 
and little Indian Rocks, in the middle of 
the rapids of the Susquehanna at Safe 
Harbor. 





333 



The Crow. 237. ( Corvus ameri- 
canus. ) Not from his striking color and 
figure, his anatomy or his habits, accord- 
ing to the bird book, might the non- 
migrating, incomparably sagacious, grain- 
eating crow claim distinction, but rather 
from the fact that he stands supreme 
among birds as victorious in an eternal 
life struggle against the human maxim, 
man-condemned but man-practiced, that 
might makes right. Marshalled in de- 
structive flocks, guided, guarded and 
generalled, scouting, watching, ventur- 
ing, despising the scare-crow, evading 
trap and poison, guaging gun range as it 
extends, the ever-present crow, defying 
the northern winter, despoils the human 



237 

spoiler from the exact stand- 
point of the latter. 





345 



The Weasel. 345. 

(Putoriits vulgaris.) Some- 
times turning all ' white in 
winter, brown-backed, keen- 



22 



Left Lobby. 




331 



scented, night-hunting, wholesale de- 
stroyer and blood-sucker of rats, mice, 
moles, frogs, birds and chickens. 

Indian Brooch Inscribed 
with a Cross Symbol. 331. 

Here the mosaic reproduces a native de- 
sign scratched upon a gorget or breast 
plate of mussel shell. Whether it is de- 
rived from the four points of direction, 
from primitive demon worship, or from 
ceremonies based upon the blowing of 
the winds, the handiwork of the Indian, 
produced at a time antedating the dis- 
covery of America by Columbus, some- 
times to the great surprise of early travelers, showed as iu the case 
illustrated, the pattern of the Christian Cross. 

Rattlesnake as Pictured toy Indians. 332. The 

head with open mouth of 

the fearful rattlesnake (Cro- 
talus hom'dus), surrounded 
by a coil of the scaly body 
ending in its rattle, highly 
conventionalized after the 
manner of other designs 
found in Indian mounds, 
and upon wooden masks ex- 
cavated in Florida. The 
mosaic here reproduces a 
carving deeply scratched 
upon a breast plate of shell 
by the mound building In- 
dians. 

Oak Leaves. 1. Long 

lived, colossal, durable, 

highly valued for wood, bark 

and sawdust, represented by 332 

a multitude of varieties, as 

red, black, swamp, willow, chest- 
nut and pin oak, or as the fa- 
miliar ashen-barked white oak 
frequently marking the land 
boundaries in old deeds, the oak 
though unknown in Australia and 
tropical Africa, ennobles the for- 
ests of Europe, Asia and America 
in the north temperate zone. 

The I*ogf House. 4. 

Build a rectangle of heavy logs 



as in the mosaic, notched at the ends to 
fit closely, with wattled chimney smeared 
with clay. Saw out doors and windows 
and roof with bark or shingles hand- 
split with frow and club. Caulk with 
g- ass and clay and you have the original 
house of the settler, copied from ancient 
forest houses in Europe. Still built in 
wild regions < f th~ App ilachians and the 
west, and surviving eastward as landmarks 
refilling a w.iish< j d human past as for- 
cibly as co the ruined castles of Europe. 





s 



Left Corridor. 



23 




stood 



Sour Gum. 3. (Ayssa syl- 
vatica.) The mosaic shows the leaves 
of the sour gum tree familiar in 
northern and southern States as the 
pepperidge and tupelo. Lofty, tough, 
fine-leaved, flashing scarletin autumn, 
and heavily fruited 'with blue berries 
once beloved of the now vanished 
wild pigeon and other birds. Often 
the hollow trunked harbor of "coon" 
and ''possum." the tree furnished 
cylindrical hollow trunk sections 
which sometimes lined the spring to 
3 make the water "taste sweet," or 

in the old orchard or barn as "bee-gum" (beehive) or "salt 

(salt box) for cattle feed. 




Xlie Axe and Its Ancestor. 2. The American pioneer 
having brought with him from England, France or Germany, the 
long bitted ( bladed ) short 
polled axe of his ancestors 
(to the left in the mo- 
saic), soon put the pre- 
viously little used instru- 
ment to immense and 
unheard of use in forest 
felling, and after 1730 
modified the wabbling 
tool into a more square, 
compact, and effective 
wedge, by weighting and 
enlarging the pollordriv- 
ing part, and shortening 
and lightening the cut- 
ting wedge or blade. Thus 
the country blacksmith 
after 1730 produced a 
"pitching" (tree felling) 
axe indigenous to the 
United States, (to the * 

right in the mosaic), and unknown except by American exportation, 
in other countries where as against the overbalancing American poll, 
the bits or blades of old world axes always outweigh their polls. 

Felling the Forest. 5. Neither steam car, trolley, auto- 
mobile, coal or iron mine oil or gas well, probably worked the 
terrestrial change suddenly produced when the white colonist with 

resounding blows of the long-bitted axes 
of his ancestors, first dissipated the im- 
memorial tree shade of the great forest. 
The ancient red American retired or per- 
ished. As houses, cities and villages 
rose, the chimney swallow nested in its 
first chimney, the purple martin in its 
first man-made toy-house, and the wren 
in a man-prepared calabash. The quail 
and lark left the forest for open fields of 
man-planted grass, and the crow first 
robbed the farmer's corn. The prolific 
muskrat liberated by fanner's trap from 
his mink enemy overpopulated the 
banks of mill ponds. The housefly first 
buzzed h: the log horse-stable, and the 
e European house rat overran the region, 

while the watercress of the old world 
invaded springs newly sunlit, and a hundred new European flowers 
sprang up by freshly cleared roads. 




24 



Left Corridor. 




8 



Hickory. 8. {Hicoriaovata.) 
Among the pignut, mocker and 
bitter nut family of hickories, is 
the lofty shellbark with its delicate 
nuts prized and stored by Indians 
and white men, with its immense, 
combustible, long-burning bark 
scales, furnishing the fockle or fish- 
ing torch of the rural fisherman, 
and the similar night light of the 
cave exploring Indian, who has 
scattered the floor of Wyandotte 
cave in Indiana with the burnt ends 
of his hickory bark torches. The 



celebrated shellbark tree famed for 
its elastic wood, furnished to the 
pioneer the axe handles, first 
straight, later curved, which gave 
spring to the deadly stroke of his 
forest-destroying axe. 

Red-Eyed Vireo. 7. 

( Virco olivaceus. ) One of the 
tireless little songsters, feeding on 
insects, staining his white throat 
with pokeberries. blackberries and 
mulberries, and devoted foster par- 
ent to the foundling: cowbird. 





6 



Orchard Oriole. 6. {Icterus spurius.) 
Where the red earthen pots dry on fence 
palings, where the buttonwood tree overhangs 
the spring, or where by the old smoke house the 
west wind scatters apple blossoms, the orchard 
oriole richly feathered in orange and black hangs 
his swinging nest; and the question arises how 
and where did he live and love when orchards 
did not exist, when the vast sun darkening forest 
shadow was everywhere, and when no bird's eye 
had yet seen the life of the farm. 



Pioneer Rifleman. 9. A marksman of deadly aim from 
continual shooting at Indians and animals, the Pennsylvanian pioneer, 
armed at first with a transatlantic gun, barreled with spiral bore to 
make the fiving leaden bullet rotate, (Edward Marshall the Indian 
walker's rifle 1737-50 made at Rothenburg, Germany) began making 
his own "Lancaster" and "Kentucky" rifles at Reading, Lancaster, 
and elsewhere, by the end of the ISth century. Though subject to 
speedy annihilation in a bayonet charge, and denied a place in 

European armies by Napoleon, or- 
ganized bands of these deadly, slow- 
firing, Indian fighters, with raccoon 
caps, buckskin shirts, and fringed 
leggings, did great service in frontier 
battles and at New Orleans, in 1815, 
where the riflemen lying behind 
cotton bales and supplied by boys 
with continually reloaded extra rifles, 
destroyed at a distance the British 
Army, killed its general, and won the 
battle in a few minutes. 

Grey Squirrel. 12. (Sciurus 
carolinensis.) Having survived the 




Left Corridor. 



25 




12 



(12 Continued) 
enmity of the farmer who shoots and eats 
the squirrel or imprisons him in a tin cage 
and treadmill, the animal finds peace in the 
city park and town grove, where city chil- 
dren tame and feed him. 

Shovel Plow. II. After a very 
ancient model minus plowshare and mould 
boaid, surviving from Roman times and still 
used for plowing out potatoes. The settler 
scratched newly cleared land with wha- 
niight be called the blade of a shovel fast 
tened vertically to a plow frame (the shovel 
plow), thus tearing the fibrous tangle, shal- 
low or deep, or skipping it, while escap- . 
ing upset with easy plow jumps, where 
the coulter of a normal plow might lock 
under roots. 

Beaver. IO. {Castor Jiber.) While 
the prolific subterranean muskrat de- 
livered from his terrible enemy the mink, 
multiplies in the midst of civilization, 
# the sensitive beaver instantly shrinks 
from contact with the human invader 
who has almost exterminated him in 
Pennsylvania. The story of his match- U 

less skill becomes a half -forgotten school- 
boy's fable, and common knowledge no longer 
testifies to the fact that the animal resembling 
j£8^hfc^ •'**• ! an enormous heavy-tailed muskrat, gnaws 
'^ w#M M down trees so as to lock them across streams, 
12^51 ' thereby forming driftwood dams with suffi- 

cient water for his island village. 




Bee-Hive. l6. A small dome-shaped 
straw basket about eighteen inches high, made 
of spiral rye straw strands, string-bound and 
perforated midway with wooden skewers, 
upon which the bees built their comb, was 
1 q constructed, together with the more primitive 

hives of hollow logs, as a bee house, by the 

Pennsylvanian colonist who finding no 

honeybees in pre-columbian America, 

brought with him the honeybee from 

Europe. These yellow domes gleaming 

under the apple trees of the Pennsyl- 
vanian farm, or as pictured upon the 

State shield of Utah, seen in use in 

Bucks county in 1897, and for sale at 

Chester, England, in 1900, necessitated 

through lack of extra honey compart- 
ment the cruel drugging, often killing 

of the bees with sulphur smoke, to get 

the honey. 

Reaping: With the Sickle. 16 

13. Lean forward and seizing a large bunch of wheat or rye with 
the left hand, cut the stalks near the ground by drawing the keen 
serrated narrow sickle blade across them from left to right. Then 
as the mosaic shows, you reap as your ancestors did from Egyptian 
times until about 1820, when at the advent of the European grain 
cradle, or the Ilainault scythe (dispensing with stalk grasping), and 




26 



Left Corridor, 




(X3 Continued) 
finally the reaping machine, the 
greatest craft of husbandry changed 
suddenly and forever. 

Song- Sparrow. 14. 

{Melospiza melodia.) Below the 
ripples where the mill stream 
lingers by bridge or eddy, and 
where the jetty water beetles dart 
upon the odoriferous pool, the song 
sparrow, seizing a branch of hazel 
or the topmost fresh-leaved spray 
of willow, out vieing all his kindred, 
stirs the heart with his sweetest 
keynote of spring. 



13 



mm 



m^& 



14 



The Dutch Scythe. 17. Hold- 
ing the instrument b> its much twisted 

handle, you stoop little as you mow with 

the ancestral scythe of Germany, now 1908 

superseded in Pennsylvania by the Anglo- 
American hard steel so-called English 

scythe. To sharpen the Dutch scythe, 

hammer (dengle) thin with the dengle 

hammer, its broad malleable blade held 

close with the left hand tipon a wrought 

iron wedge-shaped little anvil (ambus) 

driven into a log or stump. Then whet 

the scythe with a sandstone whetstone 

soaked in vinegar, carried in a cow's horn 

hooked at your leathern belt. Thus 
came of old the familiar evening noise of 
tinkling hammers (dengeln), where the 
breeze scented with new-mown hay drew 
through the slatted corncrib, where by 
hanging saw and pig's grease, the axe 
wedged the log, and the worn grindstone 
and wood-horse rested on the fragrant 
chip floor of the ancient wood-house. 

Sour Gum. 20. ( Nyssa sylvatica. ) 
The mosaic shows the leaves of the sour 
gum tree, familiar in northern and south- 
ern states as the pepperidge and tupelo. 
1 j Lofty, tough, fine-leaved, flashing scarlet 

in autumn, heavily fruited with blue 
berries once beloved of the now van- 
ished wild pigeon and other birds, 
often the hollow-trunked harbor of 
"coon" and "possum," the gum tree 
furnished cylindrical hollow trunk 
sections which sometimes lined the 
spring to make the 
water ' 'tast e sweet' ' 
or stood in the old 
orchard or barn as 
"bee-gum" (bee- 
hive ) or ' 'salt gum ' ' 
(salt box) for cattle 

feed. ««. 

20 

Cardinal Bird. 19. ( Cardinalis cardin- 
19 alis.) Crested, vivid scarlet, heavy-billed, active, 






Left Corridor. 



27 




nonmigratory, named from the scarlet robe of the Catholic high priest, 
most conspicuous of songsters, lurking in summer in chosen wet 
bramble thickets, or flashing hope and warmth into the drab woods 
of winter, the cardinal bird, rich in song, is often seen imprisoned for 
life in a small cage. 

Baltimore Oriole. 18. {Icterus galbula.) Gleaming black 
and orange through the summer bougbs of hickory, apple, oak and 
maple, named indirectly after the Irish town Baltimore through 

the heraldic colors of Lord Baltimore 
founder of Maryland, destroyer of in- 
sects, brilliant musician, migrating in 
winter to Mexico, the magnificent 
"hanging" bird in nest building gladly 
seizes upon once unknown strings, rags 
and lint of the modern white American, 
minus which the oriole must have built 
his hanging pouch-like nest of vege- 
table fibre and twigs, in the shadows of 
the great forest, with greater trouble 
than now where the swaying maple 
boughs welcome him by the farm or 
spring house. 

Sharpening the Dutch Scythe, 21. The broad mal- 
leable blade of the Dutch scythe " Dengle sense" of ancient 
German pattern, was hammered sharp upon 
an iron wedge anvil driven into a stump. 
The farmer then whetted it with a vinegar- 
soaked sandstone hone carried in a cow's 
horn hooked to his belt. On the other 
hand the hard steel English scythe, which 
now supersedes the German instrument, is 
never hammered and only whetted. 

Shellbark Hickory. 15. {Hic- 

oria ovata. ) Among the pignut, mocker, 

and bitternut family of hickories, the lofty 

shellbark with its delicate nuts prized and 

stored by Indians and white men, with its 

immense combustible, long burning bark 

scales, furnished the fockle or fishing torch 

of the rural fisherman, and the similar 
night light of the cave exploring Indian 
who has scattered the floor of Wyan- 
dotte cave in Indiana with the burnt 
ends of his hickory bark torches. The 
celebrated shellbark tree, famed for its 
elastic wood, furnished to the pioneer the 
axe handles, first straight, later curved, 



15 

which gave spring to the deadly 
stroke of his forest destroying axe. 

Scarlet Tan age r. 23. 

(Piranga erythromelas.) One man 
in a thousand, carefully listening 
while the robins are singing, recog- 
nizes the mellow reedlike notes of 
the tanager in the high oak grove. 
The kindlier twentieth century stu- 
dent or egg-hunting boy, looking 
skyward where the young leaves 




21 





23 



28 



Left Corridor. 



tremble in the zephyrs of spring, sees daylight through the bird's 
loosely woven nest holding blue eggs spotted with purple. But every 
eye must see, every voice exclaim, when the magnificent tanager, in 
intense scarlet, black-winged and black-tailed, flashes his tropical 
splendor against the green world of early summer. 

Opossum. 22. {Didclphis virgin- 
iana.) Sluggish, sleepy, helpless, death- 
feigning, fruit, insect, and chicken-eat- 
ing, hunted and eaten with delight by 
the American, slave and free, continually 
caught and killed by the farmer, the cele- 
brated, prolific, American marsupial, 
ghastly in hair and skin, unknown in 
Europe, and related to the Australian 
kangaroo, continuing to rear about thirty- 
six young per year, in three litters, in its 
extraordinary breast pouch, survives its 
human enemy, and still harbors unsus- 
pected close to the farmer's henroost 
and haystack or in his hollow apple tree. 




22 



Indian Walk. 25. So as *o buy 

from the Delaware Indians, by agree- 
ment with Richard and Thomas Penn, as 



much new laud as a man could go over 
in a day and a half, Edward Marshall, in 
1737, starting at a chestnut tree in 
Wrightstown, Bucks county, walked or 
ran, by way of a previously blazed path, 
to the neighborhood of Mauch Chunk, 
including by a surveyor's ruse, (to the 
disgust of the Indians), an enormous un- 
expected tract for the buyers, in the re- 
quired time. The Indians refusing to 
vacate the land and being driven out by 
intrigue, revenged themselves afterwards 
upon Marshall and his family and upon 
Pennsylvania thirty-nine years later at 
the massacre of Wyoming. 




25 




Grey Squirrel. 28. {Sciurus 

carolinensis.) Having survived the en- 
mity of the farmer, who shoots and eats 
the squirrel, or imprisons him in a tin 
cage and treadmill, the animal finds 
peace in the city park and town grove, 
where city children tame and feed him. 

Catbird. 27. {Galcoscoptes caro- 
linensis.) The slate-colored, black-polled 



28 

catbird, haunting blackberry bushes, 
thickets and shrubbery, eating rasp- 
berries, strawberries, blackberries, 
mulberries, cherries, grapes, spice 
and pokeberries, nesting with four 
greenish -blue unspotted eggs in a 
heavy twig nest, is familiar near the 
Pennsylvanian farmhouse and or- 
chard from April to November. One 
hundred persons know well the 
mewing catlike note of the bird to 
one who recosrnizes his full enthusi- 




27 



Left Corridor. 



29 




astic May song varied with imitations 
of other bird notes. 

Swamp Blackbird. 26. 

{Agelaius phcenicetts.) Lovable and 
never to be forgotten, the dramatic 
swamp blackbird, with jet-black uni- 
form shoulder strapped in fiery scarlet, 
rivals the gay butterfly in the sun- 
beams of swampy meadows, as by 
bulrush, wild rose and calamus, 
clutching the reed stalk, he sounds 
his mellow love call to the summer 
wind. 



t lie Dinner 

A little before noon, 




26 Blowing 

Horn. 29. 

while the steam of boiling pot and frying 

pan rises from the kitchen fire, stand 

without the door, and blow by lip vibra- 
tion, a straight mouthpieced tin horn 

about five feet long. The far reaching 

sound calls the farmer to dinner from the 

fields. Disused in Eastern Pennsylvania 

about 1840. Its older rival the conch 

shell {Strombus gigas) still (1908) blown 

to open lock by canal boatmen on the 

Delaware and Lehigh Canal, and was 

blown to call to dinner in Buckingham, 

Bucks county, in 1897. Like the two 

former horns, the cow's horn, still sold 

(1907) in Charleston, South Carolina, for 

foxhunting, was also sounded by vibra- 29 

tiou of the lips. 

Shellbark Hickory. 32. {Hicoria 
I ovata. ) Among the pignut, mocker, and bitter 
nut family of hickories, the lofty shellbark, 
with its delicate nuts prized and stored by 
Indians and white men, with its immense, com- 
bustible, long-burning bark scales, furnished 
the fockle or fishing torch of the rural fisher- 
man, and the similar night light of the cave- 
exploring Indian. ( who has scattered the floor of 
Wyandotte cave in Indiana with the burnt ends 
of his hickory bark torches). The celebrated 

shellbark tree, famed for its elastic wood, furnished to the pioneer the 

axe handles, first straight, later curved, which gave spring to the 

deadly stroke of his forest destroying axe. 




32 



Sour Gum. 30. 




30 



( Nyssa sylvatica. ) The mosaic shows the 
leaves of the sour gum tree familiar 
in northern and southern states 
as the pepperidge and tupelo. 
Lofty, tough, fine-leaved, flashing 
scarlet in autumn, heavily fruited 
with blue berries once beloved of 
the now vanished wild pigeon and 
other birds, often the hollow- 
trunked harbor of "coon" and 
"possum," the gum tree furnished 
cylindrical hollow trunk sections 
which often lined the spring to 
make the water "taste sweet," or 
stood in the old orchard or barn 
as "bee-gum" (beehive) or "salt 
gum " (salt box) for cattle feed. 




30 Left Corridor. 

Red-Headed Woodpecker. 

31. {Jle/anerpes erytluoccphalus.) Yuu 
must search among the painted birds of 
the tropics for a rival to this magnificent 
insect hunter, who startles the silent 
woods wilh sudden resonant drumming 
upon dead tree limbs, or darting i 11 red 
black and white through summer leafage, 
protests in his thrilling life, against the 
farmer who would shoot him because he 
eats cherries, the untaught boy who de- 
stroys him for fun, or the woman who 
wears his distorted skin or wings upon 
her hat. 

Gristmill. 33. Grain -grin ding by 
31 random blows or rubs of stone upon stone 

or wood, was succeeded by the quern 
mill, namely an ancient hand mill in 
which a stone disk, perforated in its 
centre for the insertion of grain, and 
pivoted upon a larger rimmed disk be- 
neath it, was made to revolve on the 
latter by a handle inserted near the cir- 
cumference. As the primeval food-pro- 
ducing flour mill of Christendom, the 
quern survives in remote parts of Europe, 
and as a paint grinder (1897) among 
Pennsylvania German potters. Enlarged 
querns ground by wind or water, dating 
from remote European antiquity, formed 
the flour and grist mills of Eastern Penn- 
sylvania until, upon the introduction 
about 1890 of the Austrian method of 




33 




36 



squeezing and crushing the grains, between 
various sized rollers equipped with sieves, 
grain came to be ground in cities and the 
roadside mill yielded to the factory. 

The Red-Headed Wood- 
pecker. 36. ( Melanerpes erythroceph- 

alus.) The sight of the brilliant bird with 
scarlet head, white breast and wings, and 
black body, gamboling upon the old "worm 
fence," drumming upon the dead tree top, 
or startling the woods with cheerful trumpet, 
might well recompense advancing humanity 
for all the corn and apples that the bird 
may eat between his insect feasts. 



Grey Squirrel. 35. {Sciurus carol in en sis.) Having sur- 
vived the enmity of the farmer who shoots and eats the squirrel or 
imprisons him in a tin cage and tread- 
mill, the animal finds peace in the city 
park and town grove, where city children 
tame and feed him. 

Robin. 34. (Jfcrn/a migratoria.') 
A few boys in the year 1908 begin to feel 
that when on the fairest morn of May, 
the redbreast perched among apple blos- 
soms, wafts his love song upon the spring 
breeze, the sight and sound are worth all 
the cherries the bird may afterwards eat. 
But an older human generation had to 
be influenced to cease robin killing by 
opening the insect-filled stomach of the 35 




Left Corridor. 



31 




(34 Cotithiued) 
songster to reassure that of the man. Robins 
eat insects and insects eat fruit, therefore robins 
help man to eat more fruit. 

Spinning: Flax. 37. The flax fibre 
after being cleaned and dusted from the stalk, 
broken and scutched, and scratched into strings, 
hetcheled, is wound into a lump upon a forked 
stick, the distaff, from which the woman draws 
and forms it with her right hand, feeding it 
. with her left fingers, upon the whirling spindle 

34 which further twists and spools it into threads 

coarse or fine, for the subsequent home 

weaving of shirts, towels, under and 

outer clothing and household linen. 

Slowly developed in Europe from an 

Asiatic original by the 17th century, 

broughj; thence by colonists to America, 

and discontinued about 1820 to '40, this 

once all important, omnipresent footrun 

machine, antedating the factory, and 

announcing woman's work, was prob- 
ably preceded here as in Europe by the 

primeval hand distaff and spindle 

whorl which still survives in remote 

corners of the world. 




37 



Wild Duck. 40. Everywhere 
pursued by sportsmen, represented by 

^^^^^ many species whether nesting in Pen 11- 

B^jm» >J^jj*^gcjsgj3 sylvania or the far north, migrating at 
j pfr j^j^^^^jpy*^ railroad speed high in the air. in Y- 
|F4( ( shaped flocks, lured by wooden decovs, 

stalked from blinds, retrieved when 
dying in the water, by so-called Ches- 
apeake Bay dogs bred from a Labrador 
original in 1807, courting death or 
danger whenever in season he lights for 
food or rest on pond, river or bay, the 
wild duck out classes in the typical 
form of the celery-eating cauvasback, 
all lauded products of the American 
kitchen. 




40 



Sour Gum. 



The mosaic shows the leaves 
gum tree, familiar in 



vatica. 
of the sour 

northern and southern states as the 
pepperidge and tupelo. L,ofty, tough, 
fine-leaved, flashing scarlet in au- 
tumn, heavily fruited with blue 
berries once beloved of the now 
vanished wild pigeon and other 
birds, often the hollow-trunked har- 
bor of "coon" and "possum," the 
gum tree furnished cylindrical hol- 
low trunk sections which often lined 
the spring to make the water " taste 
sweet," or stood in the old orchard 
or barn as "bee gum" (beehive) or 
"salt gum" (salt box) for cattle feed. 



\Nyssa 




39 



Tin Lantern. 38. A conical-roofed cylinder of tin plate, 
with handle ring and candle socket, and without glass windows or 
reflector, was the universal farm lantern of the Eastern United States, 
and well known in England and Ireland, from the early eighteenth 
century until about 1840. A similar form, probably of brass, used in 



32 



Left Corridor. 




(38 Continued) 
the middle ages, but not common till the 
invention of tin plate in England in 1670 
made the tin lantern possible. Lights and 
shadows flicker through its punctured glass- 
less sides as through the brazen network of 
the mosque lamps of the Mohammedan 
orient. Hide the tin lantern under your 
coat 011 the way to the barn of a windy night 
or out it goes. Seen in use at Connellsville 
in Fayette County in 1890. 

Catbird. 43. (Galeoscoptes carolin- 
ensis. ) The slate-colored, black-polled cat- 
bird, haunting blackberry bushes, thickets 
and shrubbery, eating raspberries, straw- 
berries, blackberries, mulberries, cherries, 
grapes, spice and pokeberries, nesting with 
four greenish-blue unspotted eggs in a heavy 
twig nest, is familiar near the Pennsylvanian 
farmhouse and orchard from April to No- 
vember. One hundred persons know 
well the mewing catlike note of the 
bird, to one, who recognizes his full 
enthusiastic May song varied with 
imitations of other bird notes. 

Clearing: the Forest. 42. 

The mosaic shows in Latin, the 
words LABOR VINCIT SYLVAM 
Translated — Labor conquers the for- 
est, referring to the work of thous- 
ands of human hands, in felling that 
part of the primeval forest named 
after William Penn, in rolling and 
burning logs and brush, in digging 
out roots, and in plowing and plant- 
ing the virgin earth. Thus it hap- 
pens that particles of charcoal can 

be found in nearly every square foot of 

Pennsvlvanian soil. 



38 




43 




42 




had 



Orchard Oriole. 41. [Icterus 
spicrius. ) Where the red earthen pots 
dry on fence palings, where the button - 
wood tree overhangs the spring, or 
where by the old smokehouse, the west 
wind scatters apple blossoms, the or- 
chard oriole, richly feathered in orange 
and black, hangs his swinging nest; 
and the question arises, how and where 
did he live and love when orchards did 
not exist, when the vast sun-darkening 
forest shadow was even^where, and 
when no bird's eye 
vet seen the the life of 



the farm ? 



Chimney Swallow. 

46. [Chcctura pelagica.) 

Continually on the wing, 

moving at the rate of a mile 

a minute, skimming the 

pond's brim, dipping under 

water, or darting close to 

the meadow grass, master in 
the matchless j^ift of flight, the short-tailed, long-winged, dusky, 
chimney swallow must have ceased gluing his nest of twigs to the 




46 



41 



Left Corridor. 



33 



walls of caves and hollow trees, and resorted to the previously un- 
known farmhouse chimneys, about 1720. When (1860-'90) the farmer 
substituted a small stone flue for the old chimney, or capped the latter 
with a terra cotta tube, the bird turned (18S0) to the houses of the 
rich, where large chimneys were revived. 

The Elk. 45. {Cervus cana- 
densis.) Yellow-bodied, with brown 
head and mane, an immense deer, 
with huge antlers shed and regrown 
yearly, wallowing in mud, or standing 
111 water to escape summer flies, herd- 
ing in season, called "Wapiti" by the 
Iroquois Indians, and miscalled elk by 
whites, the animal is glorified in scores 
of geographical names upon the 
American map. He was exterminated 
by sportsmen and gunners in Pennsyl- 
vania about 1850. 

Hawk. 44. With secret ad- 
miration, the farmer nails to his barn 
side the feathered carcass of the fierce, 
soaring chicken robber, his master in 

the supreme physical gift of flight, demon- 
strating by continued existence, the bird's 

victory in a never ending struggle with the 

human gunner. Cousin to the eagle, one of a 

race admired more than the gentler lower 

creatures, by patriots, statesmen, legislatures, 

kings, aristocrats and democrats, the bird 

typifies strangely the unchristian aspirations 

of democratic America, republican France, 

autocratic Russia, and imperial Germany and 

Austria, stamping now the "almighty dollar" 

with patriotic suggestion, as it once called to 

duty the legions of Rome or the warriors of 

Napoleon. 




45 




44 



Splitting: Shingles. 47. Before the 
days of lumber mills, sections of oak logs 

were split into shingles by pounding with 
a club, upon an L-shaped knife, the frow 
Then a man sitting astride a homemade 
device, the shaving horse, and clamping 
the shingles by foot pressure upon a lever, 
trimmed and smoothed them with a draw- 
ing knife. 

Oak Leaves. 53. Long lived, 
colossal, durable, highly valued for wood, 
bark and sawdust, represented by a multi- 
tude of varieties, as the red, black, 
swamp, wil- 
low, chest- 
nut and pin 
4 1 oaks, or as 

the familiar ashen-barked white oak, 
frequently marking the land bound- 
aries in old deeds, the oak. though 
unknown in Australia and tropical 
Africa, ennobles the forests of Europe, 
Asia and America in the north tem- 
perate zone. 

Cardinal Bird. 49. ( Card- 

inalis cardinalis. ) Vivid scarlet, 
crested, heavy-billed, active, nonuii- 





34 Left Corridor. 

(49 Continued) 
gratory, named from the scarlet robe of the 
Catholic high priest, most conspicuous of songsters 
lurking in summer in chosen wet bramble thickets, 
or flashing hope and warmth into the drab woods 
of winter, the cardinal bird, rich in song, is often 
seen imprisoned for life in a small cage. 

The Red-Headed Woodpecker. 
48. (Melanerpes erytkrocephalus.) The sight of 
the brilliant bird, with scarlet head, white breast 

and wings, and black body, gamboling upon 

the old "worm fence," drumming upon the 

dead tree top, or startling the woods with 

cheerful trumpet, is worth in inspiration 

to advancing humanity, all the corn and 

apples that the woodpecker may eat between 

his insect feasts. 




Sour Gum. 57. {Nyssa sylvatica.) 
The mosaic shows the leaves of the sour gum 
tree, familiar in northern and southern states 
as the pepperidgeand tupelo. Lofty, tough, 
fine-leaved, flashing scarlet in autumn, 
heavily fruited with blue berries once be- 
loved of the now vanished wild pigeon and 
other birds, often the hollow-trunked harbor 



till 



48 




57 



of "coon" and "possum," the gum 
tree furnished cylindrical hollow trunk 
sections which often lined the spring 
to make the water "taste sweet," or 
stood in the old orchard or barn, as 
"bee-gum" (bee-hive) or "salt gum" 
(salt-box) for cattle feed. 

Woman Dipping: Candles. 

52. From a small six eight or ten- 
armed turnstile, the woman lifts off 
the suspended wooden disks, one by 
one, each hung with from twelve to 
thirty candle wicks, and immerses the 
wicks in tallow, melted over water in a 



large pot swung upon a wood fire. Where 
the autumnal wind blows cool b)' the 
sooty smokehouse or flagged out-kitchen, 
the grease hardens into candles as the 
disks go round. 

Red-Eyed "Vireo. 50. ( Vireo 

olivaceus. ) One of the tireless little g - 
songsters, feeding on insects, staining his 
white throat with pokeberries, black- 





50 



52 

berries and mulberries, and de- 
voted foster parent to the found- 
ling cowbird. 

Redbud. 56. (Cercis can- 
adensis. ) Where a wild van- 
guard of southern redbud or 
Judas trees grow in the Susque- 



Left Corridor. 



35 




56 



(56 Continued) 
hanna woods, stand beneath the yet leaf- 
less boughs gleaming in crimson blos- 
soms, and while the bees hum, and the 
spring zephyr brings memories of far 
away southern forests, forget even the 
snowy shad bush, and the white vernal 
glory of the matchless dogwood. 

Thrashing 'With the Flail. 

55. After (in Roman times) the thrash- 
ing of grain by cattle-tread, by rolling 
of logs, or by the scratching of boards 
toothed with flint chips, the flail, a short 
staff swung upon a long one, invented 
in the middle ages, followed the pound- 



ing out of grain with a single stick. 
The flail in 1900 survived on small 
Pennsylvanian farms, where the 
rythmic strokes of several thrash- 
ers together, drummed the barn 
floor like the hoof echoes of a trot- 
ting horse upon a hard road. 

Sugar Maple. 54. {Acer 
saccharum.) In none of its vari- 
ously named forms of swamp, rock, 
red, silver, or transatlantic Nor- 
way, is the maple family so re- 
nowned as in the celebrated tree 
with warped bark ribs, known as 
the sugar maple {Acer saccharum. ) 
Having 




55 




54 



perforated the bark with small 
holes, under-drained with little sheet iron 
troughs, catch the exuding sap in buckets, 
to be boiled and hardened as maple sugar, 
or liquified as maple syrup, nationally re- 
nowned as a sweetening for the hot but- 
tered buckwheat or griddle cake. 

Screech Owl. 51. . {Megascops 
asio. ) Red or grey, with feathered horn- 
like ears, feeding upon mice, beetles, moles, 
grasshoppers and small birds, nesting with 
four or five nearly round white eggs in a 
hollow tree, the screech owl, finding food 



and shelter where he may, re- 
mains over winter in Pennsyl- 
vania. Long after the milkers' 
lanterns have left the barn, and 
early risers have gone to bed, 
before the late April moon rises, 
and when all is silent at the 
farm save for the nightly stamp 
of the stabled horse, or the 
splash of falling water in the 
log trough, the quavering sin- 
ister hoot of the screech owl, 
frightens the wakened slum- 
berer with a world-old fear. 

Cooking; Apple But- 
ter. 58. After paring and 
cutting the apples, boil down 
the pieces in cider all night. 




51 



36 



Left Corridor. 




(58 Continued) 
Let the whole able family stir 
by turn, with the perforated 
arm of a pole, as the mosaic 
shows, or with a cranked paddle, 
reducing the liquid to the con- 
sistency of a dark brown thick 
sauce. Thus you make the 
famous laid varreck or apple 
butter of the Pennsylvania Ger- 
man, derived from the less 
universal latwerge (fruit sauce) 
of Germany. 

The Oak. (Without num- 
ber.) Long lived, colossal, dur- 
able, highly valued for wood, 




(Without Number] 



58 

bark and sawdust, represented by a 
multitude of varieties, as the red, 
black, swamp, willow, chestnut and 
pin oak, or as the familiar ashen - 
barked white oak, frequently mark- 
ing the land boundaries in old deeds, 
the oak, though unknown in Aus- 
tralia and tropical Africa, ennobles 
the forests of Europe, Asia and 
America in the north temperate 
zone. 



The Spud. 62. With a small 
concave blade at the end of an iron 

rod hafted in a wooden handle, you 
push under and peel off the bark 
of the rock, black, swamp and chest- 
nut oak, or best of all, of the birch 
tree, for use in tanneries. This 
work now confined to lumber re- 
gions, or zones of tree-extermination 
by steam saws, was once common on 
eastern farms, while tree felling was 
still universal, and domestic tan- 
neries now extinct, always in need 
of bark, followed the sound of the 
axe. 



Plowing: "With the Shov- 
el Plow. 61. The plowman 
skips, scratches, or deeply furrows 
the newly cleared land, where among 
g2 stumps and fibres a plowshare would 

w-edge under horizontal roots. Thus 

he works with a plow, armed 

with a shovel-shaped, nearly 

vertical blade, still used in 

1908 to turn out potatoes, 

and surviving through the 

middle ages from a Roman 

original. 

Stove Plate. 60. 

The mosaic shows the pattern 
of one of the five-plated 
iron "wall" or "jam))" stoves 
(J720-17G0) made to heat not 
cook, of five heavy cast-iron 
plates without stovepipe or 
door. Like a box the ancient 





61 



Left Corridor. 



37 




self -buried carapace of the 
terrapin, asleep for the winter. Then 
pull him out with a spoon-shaped fork on 
the reverse of the pole, and bag him. 
Thus the catcher exterminates rapidly, 
for sale at about three dollars per dozen, 
the fresh water terrapin ( Pseudomys 
rugosa ) , to resel 1 as meat of his famous 
edible cousin, the salt water terrapin 
{Malacoclemmys palustris), at five dol- 
lars per quart. 

Sour Gum. 65. ( Nyssa sylvatica. ) 
The mosaic shows the leaves of the sour 
gum tree, familiar in northern and south- 
ern states as the pepperidge and tupelo. 
Lofty, tough, fine-leaved, flashing scarlet 

in autumn, 



(60 Continued) 
stove protruded into the room it 
heated, and being fed by fuel inserted 
into it through a wall hole, emitted 
its smoke through the same orifice and 
backward into an adjoining fireplace. 
Here under the name of the iron 
master and a series of symbolic tulips, 
and above the date 1751, is the motto 
"DAS. LEBEN. JESU. WAS. EIN. 
LICHT." Translated— The life of 
Jesus what a light. 

Catching- Xerrapin. 63. 

Thrust an iron-pronged pole into the 
deep cold mud at the brook's eddy, 
until a dull vibration tells you of the 
fresh water 




63 




heavily fruited with 
blue berries once beloved of the 
now vanished wild pigeon and 
other birds, often the hollow- 
trunked harbor of "coon" and 
"possum," the gum tree furnished 
cylindrical hollow trunk sections 
which often lined the spring to 
make the water "taste sweet," or 
stood in the old orchard or barn as 
"bee-gum" (bee-hive) or "salt- 
o-um" (salt-box) for cattle feed. 

I^ard Lamp. 64. The char- 
acteristic lamp of the world from 
Roman times until the 19th cen- 
65 tury, and generally used in farms, 

cabins and mills in Pennsylvania until 

1820-'40. Easily traceable backward 

through the people's lamps of Italy, 

Germany, Russia, Turkey, France, the 

Azores, Spain and Scandinavia, to ancient 

times. Of sheet or wrought iron, brass, 

tin or copper, boat-shaped like the 

double-tray ed croosie of Scotland, or the 

synagogue lamp of Morocco, with long 

barbed and sometimes swiveled hook, the 

lamp was frequently adorned upon its 

hinged or pivoted lid, with a handle 

shaped after the chicken cock, in mem- 
ory, like many vanes (in shape) and 

water spigots (in name), of the turning 

of St. Peter at the cock's crowing. Thrust 64 




38 



Rotunda. 



the hooked prong into a beam, or catch its barb on a nail or log 
crevice. Then filling the vessel with lard (kept liquid in cold weather 
with a hot brick ), liquid animal fat, linseed or whale oil, light the 
twisted tow (later cotton) wick, laid along the Literal trough and so 
tilted as to allow the oil oozing from the flame to flow back into the 
lamp. By the light brighter than a candle, read after dark, work 
at the loom, or paint and varnish with vegetable colors and cherry 
gum liquified in whiskey, the "Fractur" manuscript. Thus in Oc- 
tober 1897 David Getter fried potatoes at night on the open hearth of 
his log cabin near Springtown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania. 

Frying - in the Open Kire. 68. Reaching a long-handled 
wrought iron pan, greased with lard or ham fat, over the glowing oak 

or hickory embers of the kitchen 
hearth, the farmer's wife fried 
"saus," ham, puddings, mush, 
scrapple, fish, all meats indeed, 
and pancakes, tossing the latter up 
the chimney to turn and catch 
them upside down. Disused with 
open fire cooking 1830-'50. 

M4F - j Paring Apples. 67- Turn- 

SrifSjf? . *"^i m S a srna ll crank which causes a 
skewered apple to revolve, you 
make the apple skin fly off in a 
long spiral as you press a spade- 
shaped, strap-fastened knife to the 
whirling fruit. Thus working in 
Pennsylvania until about 18G0, you 
anticipated the modern apple paring 
machine, and prepared the fruit for 
the neighborly "schnitzen" frolic, 
when a score of merry neighbors 

cut up the pared apples to be boiled in 

cider for apple butter. Before countrv 

steam mills superseded the practice, songs 

were sung in English, not German, among 

Pennsylvania Germans, who having abol- 
ished secular singing long ago, are at last 

1908 perforce by the phonograph, strangely 

introduced to the ignohle song tune of the 

city concert hall. 




68 




67 



'Wild Duck. 66. Everywhere pur- 
sued by sportsmen, represented by many 

species whether nesting in Pennsylvania 

or the far north, migrating at railroad 

speed high in air, in Y-shaped flocks, 

lured by wooden decoys, stalked from 

blinds, retrieved when dying in the water 

by so-called Chesapeake bay dogs bred 

from a Labrador original in 1807, courting 

death or danger whenever in season he 
lights for food or rest 011 pond, river, or 
bay, the wild duck out classes in the 
typical form of the celery fed canvas- 
back, all lauded products of the American 
kitchen. 

Song Sparrow. 70. {Melospiza 
nielodia.) Below the ripples where the 
mill stream lingers by bridge or edd} r , 
and the jett) T water beetles dart in circles 
over the odoriferous pool, the song 
g~ sparrow, seizing a branch of hazel, or 




K2f2£?8K5KI 


■V;r4fc 






%L-JL$j 







70 



Rotunda. 3d 

(70 Continued) 
the topmost fresh-leaved spray of willow, 
outvieing all his kindred, stirs the heart 
with his sweetest keynote of spring. 

Candlestick. 69. A tube of sheet 
iron set upon a circular convex base, and 
provided with a movable socket raised or 
lowered in a slot, held the dipped or 
moulded candle, universal in the kitchen 
and farmhouse before 
the introduction of kero- 
sene. Thereafter used by 
farmers to scrape off the 
bristles from the scalded 
carcasses of hogs. 





Fluid L,attlp. 82. In this obsolete, short- 
lived pewter or glass lamp, with one, two or three 
small round wicks, the 
cradle light of many a 
man yet alive, and greatly 
in vogue between 1840 
and '50, burned the so- 
called camphine, a fluid 
mixture of turpentine and 
alcohol. Keep the tube capped while not in 
use to save evaporation. If you lose the 
little pewter cap generally chained to the 
wick tube, replace it with a cock's spur. 

Pounding: Hominy. 81. Break 
and hull the grains of corn in a heavy 
wooden mortar hollowed from the trunk of a 
gum tree, by pounding with a bar of smith- 
82 forged iron, 

or a wood-hafted iron wedge. Thus 
the colonial farmer worked in Penn- 
sylvania to prepare corn grains for 
subsequent boiling as hominy. Thus 
until 1880 negroes pounded hominy at 
Cambridge, Maryland. The colonial 
slave worked on a larger scale, as 
shown in the mosaic, with a heavier 
mortar and ponderous pestle sus- 
pended from the overbent springing 
top of a hickory sapling. 

Tinder Box. 80. Holding 
between the thumb and forefinger of 
the right hand a piece of imported 
gun flint (long quarried at Brandon 

in Suffolk, England), strike it di- 
agonally against a circlet of prop- 
erly tempered steel held in the left 
hand, so that a spark flies down- 
ward upon a dry scorched linen 
rag lying in a tin cup (the tinder 
box). When the spark instantly 
catches the rag, blow or touch it 
into a flame against the sulphur- 
tipped end of a match which 
will not otherwise ignite. Then 
with the burning match, light a 
candle socketed in the lid of the 
tinder box, and smother the smoul- 
dering rag with an inner tin lid dropped upon it. Thus you were 
master of the house of a winter's morning when the fires were out. 




81 




80 



40 



Rotunda. 



This was better than spinning a wheel against a flint fixed at the end 
of a steel trough, or pounding fire upon tinder by air compression 

through a metal cylinder (1815— 
1820), or snapping a flintlock- 
tinder pistol. Disused with other 
light striking processes upon the 
invention of percussion matches 
about 1 830. 



massacre of Wyom- 
ing. 78. The Lenni Lenape 
(Delaware) Indians having been 
cheated in their opinion out of 
their old Delaware Valley home, 
by the Pennsylvaniau colonists 
at the "Indian walk" treaty in 
17.°>7, revenged themselves in 
1776 as leaders of a British raid, 
by capturing "Forty Fort" at 
Wyoming, and killing and 
scalping their defeated enemies 
and neighboring settlers. 




78 

The Carpenter's 
Hatchet. 7r. Two tools, the 
little hand axe and the claw 
hammer, served the carpenter un- 
til about 1800, to cut and pound 
wood, and to drive and pull 
wrought nails. When lath and 
plaster replaced ceiling beam, and 
wall panel, the hitherto unknown 
and incessant lath cutting and 
nailing required the invention of 
the American carpenter's hatchet 





71 



72 



iron or wood, strapped to the mid 
fingers of the right hand, and project- 
ing between thumb and forefinger. 

Stove Plate. 73. The mosaic 
shows the pattern of one of the five- 
plated iron "wall" or "jamb" stoves 
(1720-1760) made to heat, not cook, 
of five heavy cast-iron plates, without 
stovepipe or door. Like a box, the 
ancient stove protruded into the room 
it heated, and fed by fuel inserted into 
it through a wall hole, emitted its 
smoke through the same orifice, and 
backward into an adjoining fireplace. 
Here under the name of the iron 
master and a series of symbolic tulips 



with an inferior side-notched nail pull 
upon the blade, which transformed the 
two older tools into one. 

HUSking: Corn. 72. No ma- 
chine having yet been invented to husk 
maize, the farmer having thrown the 
unbound shock of stalks, cleared from 
the "horse" stiffened stack, up 11 the 
ground, still (1908) kneels in the cold 
autumnal days, as his colonial ancestor 
did, upon the dry stalks, traring the 
husk from the ear by means of a peg of 




73 



Rotunda. 



41 




and above the date 1751, is the 
motto "DAS. LEBEN. JESU. 
WAS. EIN. LICHT." Translated. 
The life of Jesus what a light. 



Kingfisher. 74. ( CeryJe 
alcyon. ) The man with country 
boyhood, who learned to swim 
where still water runs deep in the 
"horse hole," or by the roaring 
breast of the old mill dam, can 
never forget the echoing trumpet of 
the kingfisher, as the restless, big- 
74 headed, black-collared bird, fly- 

ing over the ripples and diving by pond lily, 
arum and calamus, sets going the wild echoes 
of woods, air and water. 

Swingling: Flax. 75. With the 
swingle or scutching knife (schwenk messer), 
a flattened club about 16 inches long of oak, 
the man knocks off loosened stalk shreds 
from the previously broken flax, held by 
handfuls across the end of an upright board. 
Disused 1830-'40. 

Locust. 103. 

( Cicada septem de- 

cim. ) The hot July 

air thrills with the 

song of the cicada (improperly called 

locust after the European grasshopper-like 





75 



103 

insect), sounding his abdominal 
drum, who having come out of 
the earth (in extra hosts on cer- 
tain years), climbs a few feet up 
a tree trunk, emerges from his 
translucent subterranean armor 
and takes wing. 

Making: the Farm 
Fence. 102. Three or four 





100 



102 

split and sharpened rails inserted 
into perforated hewn posts, super- 
seded slowly the ' ' worm ' ' or 
" snake " fence made of split rails 
and poles piled zig-zag, or supple- 
mented the wall fence of loose or 
mortared stones where stones were 
plenty. 

Dragon Fly. xoo. Believed 
to be the "doctor" or feeder of the 
water snake, by the barefooted 
country boy, as the latter searches 
the hrook for bullfrogs, or lifts with 
skilled hand the unresisting half- 
hypnotized mullet "sucker" from 
his water hole under the bank. 
The dragon fly "snake feeder," 



42 



Rotunda. 




emerging from an early submarine life, to cast its shell and take wing 
vies with the butterfly as a charmer of children, and type of the fire, 
and energy of mid-summer. 

Making- Bricks. 77. The red- 
shirted, sun-browned brickmaker, 
scattering sand and splashing water, 
slams a mass of soft plastic clav into 
a brick-shaped sanded mould of wood 
or iron, open at top and bottom. This 
when so filled, the barefooted "off- 
bearer" seizes, carries off to dump on 
the clay drying floor, and brings back 
empty. Generally disused (1895) for 
the mechanical process of squeezing 
plastic clay slowly through a brick- 
shaped tube, and cutting off into 
bricks with wire. 

Medicine Mortar and 
77 Pestle. 76. The apothecary's as- 

sistant pounded drugs in a white marble 
mortar with a stone, wood or porcelain 
pestle, thus justifying the device of a 
mortar and pestle carved in wood and 
often gilded, symbolizing the art of 
medicine, still - (1908) sometimes set 
above the pharmacy door as a sign. The 
mosaic, intended to express Pennsyl- 
vania's distinction in medicine, shows 
the Latin motto GLORIA CIVITATIS. 
Translated — Glory of the state. 

Bat. 98. ( Vespertilio.) Mar- 
velous, weird, night-seeing, alert after 
a day trance, hanging heads down- 
ward on wing claws, in cave, hol- 
low tree, open cellar, or ruined barn, 
sometimes for mother love weighted 
on the wing with clinging brood, the , __ 

fantastic bats enter after dark the open ' 

window of the shining bed- 
room, snuff the kitchen 
candle, chase twilight beetles 
over tree top and lawn, or as 
demons of the night breeze, 
tease the boy players of 
"kick-the-wicket" who once 
followed them shouting as in 
the old Maryland child's 
rhyme — 

"Leather-winged bat, fly 
under my hat 

And I'll give you a ham of 
98 bacon." 

Peilll's Treaty. 97. As a noble-hearted leader of Christian 
Friends, seeking to mollify the stern rule of might makes right, by 
which advanced nations seize the waste lands of the world from their 
primitive owners, and by which Pennsylvania was granted him by 
the English Crown, William Penn desired to dispossess his Indian 
land owners by gifts and kindness rather than bv force. To his 
honor and glory stands the memory of a celebrated" treaty of friend- 
ship (broken afterwards in 1737 by his sons) with the Indian land 
owners, said to have been made by Penn under a large elm tree on 
the right Delaware River bank at Kensington above Philadelphia. 
In the midst of wharves, factories, ware-houses and a few ancient, 





Rotunda. 



43 




(97 Continued) 
smoke-blackened dwellings, a small 
marble monument now (1909hnarks the 
site where the "treaty tree," protected 
by the British garrison in 1776 as a 
venerable relic, blew down in 1810 at 
the age of 283 years. 

Heron. 79. Of many kinds, 
—p^r ,,-,,,,.. . long-legged, deliberate in flight, fish- 

Br-KBw i ^'^'*i'Ml#iBji mating, wading in mud and water, nest- 
b|V 4*1^ * Wr '"•> *" colonies on small tree tops, 

^"taiviSf- a » 1 migrating in winter to the south, often 

magnificently plumed in blue, white 
or green, and inadequately protected 
by bird laws, the unfortunate heron 
97 is still sacrificed (1900) in great num- 

bers, and, in spite of twenty years of 
Audubon societies, indignation meetings, 
bird lectures and leaflets, killed by women's 
agents for head or hat decoration. 

Cider Flag: 011. 106. A large 

wooden flagon, hooped and lidded, brought 

up cider from the cellar of a Saturday 
night, or in early 
apple season car- 
ried refreshment 
to the thirsty 
reapers, who toil- 
ed with grain 
cradle or sickle 
at wheat, rye or 
oats harvest, be- 
fore the days of 
the reaping ma- 
chine, yg 

Bear Trap. 83. The little steel 
trap of to-day, used by boys to catch musk- 
rats, reproduces the form of the large 
blacksmith-made apparatus, whose 
toothed jaws fly together at touch of 
spring, to clasp in deadly grip the leg, 
tail or muzzle, of wolf, bear, wild-cat, 
porcupine or other large wild animal. 

Gridiron. 84. Not over the 
flame of an evil-smelling, modern kero- 
sene stove, nor under the gas jets of 
the modern city hotel range, nor over 
the anthracite coal fire of an unlidded 
stove, but close above the glowing 
hickory embers of the old open hearth 
fire, hold the chop, steak or fish, upon 
a wrought iron grill sometimes fur- 
nished with channeled bars. Then as 
distinguished from penetrating the 
meat with hot water (boiling), penetrating it with hot fat (frying), 
penetrating it slowly with heated air in a confined oven (baking), or 
slowly with heated air radiated sideways from an open fire ( roasting), 
you suddenly sear the meat in the uprising heat, so as best to retain 
its flavor and juices, (broiling). Thus in the simplest and most 
scientific manner, you cook a dish to set before a king. Now, coal oil 
and gas cook stoves, permitting to the cook many idle makeshifts, 
have changed cookery. "Roast beef" being nearly always baked, no 





106 




83 



44 



Rotunda. 



(84 Continued) 
longer really exists, and the 
country cook who often soaks 
potatoes after boiling, to the 
consistency of soap or beeswax, 
having cast aside the gridiron, 
frequently boils the beefsteak or 
mutton chop in hot grease, that 
is to say, fries it. 

Quail. 85. (Colinus vir- 
giniantts.. ) Prolific, ground-nest- 
ing, nonniigratory, gathering in 
winter cov- 
eys, pre- 
served by 
game laws, 
rising for 
the sports- 
man with 
04 explosive 

whirring of 
wings, cheering summer with his lively "bob- 
white" note, how did the now meadow-loving 
quail subsist in the earlier days of the great 
meadowless forest? 





Domestic Turkev. 




88. The familiar 85 

farmyard turkey of Christmas and 
Thanksgiving feasts in America, hav- 
ing been originally domesticated from 
its wild Mexican cousin {Meleagris 
mexicana), by prehistoric New Mexi- 
can cliff dwellers and Aztecs, went first 
to Europe with the Spaniards. Bred in 
the farmyards of Italy, England, Ger- 
many and France, and illustrated in the 
paintings of Bassano in the 16th cen- 
tury, the American turkey, called 
" welsch hahn " and " indianer " in 
Germany, ''dandon" in France, and 
miscalled after the Sultan's country in 
the land of its origin, came back to the 
new world by way of the old. 



88 



The Butterfly* 92* Through one 
of the most marvelous changes in nature, 
sometimes lasting over winter, by way 
of egg laid upon a twig, voracious leaf- 
eating skin-inolting caterpillar, pseudo- 
death as a grub-mummy wrapped in self- 
made coffin, long sleep, and resurrection, 
the sun-loving, honey-seeking, gorgeous 
butterfly, can- 
c e 1 i n g in 
winged beauty 
the caterpil- 
lar's harm. 





emerges upon 
the lap of 

s umiiier t 

outvie the fairest of her flowers. 



92 



94 



House-Fly. 94. (Musca domes- 
tica.) The familiar, buzzing, warmth- 
loving, house-infesting, disease-spreading 
insect, grown in filth and garbage, particu- 
larly horse manure and decaying fruit, and 



Rotunda. 



45 



developed within a month through egg maggot and fly, was 
probably introduced from Europe with the horse, by the first settlers. 



ConestogaWagon. 96. Thei 




96 

the "prairie schooner," it bore the 
American emigrant and his family 
"Westward Ho." 

Pine Cones. 99. Sawed for 
boards, hard or soft, yellow or white, or 
scored for exuding resin, covering the 
northern hills and southern swamps, 
origin of pitch, the pine tree, in va- 
rious forms, but most distinctive as 
the beautiful white pine {.Pin us stro- 
bus), with its bare wing-like limbs 
feathered only at the ends, rivals in 
form the cedar of Lebanon or the 
deodar of India. Cut with the axe 
or movable saw, and floated down the 
stream in the form of trimmed logs, 
the tree seems to approach extermi- 
nation. 



inmense ponderous schooner- 
shaped wagon, of probable 
German descent, named from 
the site of its earliest make 
along the Conestoga Creek in 
Lancaster county, with 
home-spun linen cover 
stretched on wooden bows, 
and drawn by four to six 
walking horses often 
equipped with bells, trans- 
ported freight across the 
Alleghenies and south of 
New England lines of sea 
and lake transport, before 
railroads were built. In 
lighter form, a celebrated 
wagon of national type, as 




99 



Milking the Cow. 89. Universally important in the econ- 
omy of the American farm, of inestimable assistance to man as con- 
tributor for several thousand years, of beef, leather and milk, the cow 
everywhere proclaims the dependence upon European ancestry of the 

American, who having never 
domesticated and almost ex- 
terminated his own cow (the 
bison ), utilizes the European 
animal domesticated by his 
prehistoric ancestors in the 
stone as;e. 




89 

Cherries, no. {Prut/us cerasus.) 
Rival of the strawberry, beloved of boys 
and birds, associated with the flavor of 
cherry bounce and pie, the delicious 
European fruit, in its best known forms 




110 



46 



Rotunda. 




of pie, oxheart, or black cherry, when freshly imported, and grown 
by the log cabin of the pioneer, may have been seen by the Indian 
before his expulsion from Pennsylvania. The Pennsvlvaniau must 
thank the horticulture of his European ancestors for this fair fruit of 

early summer, brought to Europe 
by L/Ucullus the Roman epicure, 
from Cerasus of Asiatic Pontus. 
Cultivated for centuries in France, 
England and Germany, the cherry 
tree, if in Pennsylvania degener- 
ating in fruit, has not failed in the 
magnificence of its white bloom, 
which, gladdening the roadsides 
when the meadow lark sings his 
spring song, only yields to those 
blossoms which the Japanese won- 
der at on April seventh. 

Pressing Steel Plate. 
123. The modern iron-worker 
flattens a sheet of hot steel by sub- 
123 jecting it to immense pressure un- 

der an hydraulic press. 

Snapping- Turtle. 186. ( Chelydra serpentina. ) Ferocious, 
carnivorous, devourer of frogs, tadpoles, and young ducks, only half- 
protected by his under shell, 
always fighting in self-defense, 
most active of the turtle tribe 
in Pennsylvania, inhabiting 
the muddy bottom of the mill 
pond, the snapping turtle, 
grand trophy of torchlight 
fisherman and wandering bov, 
sometimes caught with red 
flannel on a fishhook, is the 
origin of a celebrated "snap- 
per soup ' ' popular in country 
restaurants. -jog 

'Washington Crossing 
Hfllimggft tne Delaware. 90. On 

.JS5 fll VB3r" chrislmas night 177(5, General 

WzJ£fJ&*^4&£&1 Washington led the American 

" * i ° l '' ■ "'^31 army secretly in flatboats, across 

the Delaware River just above the 

present (1908) bridge at Morris- 

ville, Bucks county, and surprising 

the Hessian army employed by the 

British, defeated them at Trenton 

r^,.,. -,^,\z ■ ^~*%*m ^ U< 1 captured their General Rahl. 




90 

Black Bear. 95. {Ursus 
americanus.) With dog and gun, 
man finds a bloody amusement in 
rapidly exterminating the honey- 
loving, ant, fish, and root-eating, 
vegetarian and carnivorous, black 
bear. Glossy-black, brown-cheeked, 
dog-fearing, harmless (unless with 
cubs or in self-defense), the tree- 
climbing, hibernating animal, was 
reverenced, almost worshipped, vet 
hunted and eaten bv Indians, in the 




95 



Rotunda. 



47 



primeval forest. Close kin to the brown bear of Europe, the once 
abundant black bear in vain retires to inaccessible places to escape the 

relentless and untiring 
hatred of his human pur- 
suer. 

The Spud. 109. 

With a round - bladed 
bark chisel, working like 
the man in the mosaic, 
the farmer stripped rock, 
black, swamp and chest- 
nut oak bark, or best 
of all birch bark, for the 
tanner. Discontinued as 
a common practice with 
the abandonment of coun- 
try tanneries about 1860. 




109 

scored for exuding resin, covering the 
northern hills and southern swamps, 
origin of pitch, the pine tree, in various 
forms, but most distinctive as the beau- 
tiful white pine (Pinus strobus), rivals 
the cedar of Lebanon or the deodar of 
India, with its bare wing-like limbs 
feathered only at the ends. Cut with 
the axe or movable saw, and floated 
down the stream in the form of trimmed 
logs, the tree seems to approach exter- 
mination. 



Pine Cones. 119. 

Sawed for boards, hard or 
soft, yellow or white, or 





119 

Flax Brake. 120. 

An apparatus of heavy oaken 
home make. Three hori- 
zontal oak knives connect 
cross beams on legs. Hinged 
over them, two similar 
knives, weighted by heavy 
oaken ends and a parallel 
b a r handle, dovetail be- 
tween the lower knives at 



120 

each blow of the upper frame, 
which the worker lifts and 
drops with a down thrust upon 
the rotted flax stalks laid 
across. This reduces the use- 
less stalk to fine splinters and 
chaff, which by a later opera- 
tion, scutching or swingling, 
is dusted away from the fibre. 
Discontinued 1840-'60. 

Oak Leayes. 124. 

(Quercus.) Long-lived, co- 
lossal, durable, with color- 
producing bark, hard wood 
and sawdust, highly valued 
by the carpenter, the slow 
growing oak, though familiar 




124 



48 



Rotunda. 




91 



in Europe and Asia, is unknown in Australia and tropical Africa In 
various forms, as the black, red, pin, white, and swamp oak. it enno- 
bles the forests of Americain the north 
temperate zone. The familiar ashen- 
barked white oak was the frequently 
named land mark in old deeds. 

The Elk.. 91. I Cervus cana- 
densis.) Yellow-bodied, with brown 
head and mane, an immense deer, 
with huge antlers shed and regrown 
yearly, wallowing in mud, or standing 
in water to escape summer flies, herd- 
ing in season, "called "Wapiti" by 
the Iroquois Indians, and miscalled 
elk by whites, the animal is glorified 
in scores of geographical names upon 
the American map. He was extermi- 
nated by sportsmen and gunners in 
Pennsylvania about 1850. 

HlOOSe. X32. (Alces americanus.) Gigantic, reddish brown, 
heavy-lipped, small-eyed, armed with very broad palmate antlers, 
with long fore and short hind legs, and neck not adapted to grazing, 
the immense deerlike moose, known to the white man in the northern 
pine forests of Maine and Canada, feeds upon the leaves, buds, and 
bark, of trees or hillside bushes, or 
wades in the mud for the roots of the 
yellow pond lily. Hunters lure it to 
death with birch bark trumpets imi- 
tating the cow moose's call. Though 
probably absent in Pennsylvania in 
the colonial period, its bones foundiu 
Durham Cave, Bucks county, show 
that it ranged the Delaware Valley 
in earlier Indian times. Similar north 
European species nearly extinct. 



132 

Forging a Chain. *i8. 

The white-hot links of iron are 
welded around each other by ham- 
mer blows against the adjacent seg- 
ments, fluxed with borax at the 
right moment. 





118 

Spinning 'Wool. 116. 

By means of a short wooden rod, 
knobbed at the end, the woman sets 
the large wool wheel whirring, and 
this by a woolen strap, whirls the 
spindle, which winds on the thread 
as she measures it between thumb 
and forefinger of her left hand 




lu&lal 



116 



Rotunda. 



49 




spiration 
shippers. 



earliest 



grasping the carded roll of raw wool. 
Disused about 1830. Rare instances of 
use 1860-'80. 

Oil "Well. 117. When the nar- 
row bored petroleum pump hole, having 
become clogged at a great depth, is 
blasted, by dropping a pointed iron 
weight (go-devil) upon a dynamite car- 
tridge, the oil pressed upward by subter- 
ranean gas, bursts skyward in vapor above 
the derrick. Petroleum, used by Indians 
as a medical lubricant, or burned for 
sport when floating as an iridescent scum 
on Oil Creek, was applied about 1850 in 
western Pennsylvania as a world illumi- 
nant, revolutionizing all ancient lighting 
appliances. It had burned spontaneously 
at Baku on the 
Caspian Sea 
since prehistoric 
time, as an in- 
Parsee fire wor- 



Seal of Ciermanlown. 122. A 

three-petaled clover leaf is surrounded with 
. the Latin in- 
scription S I G- 
ILLUM GER- 
MANO POLI- 
TANUM, trans- 
lated, Seal of 
wealth. 





the 



122 

German Common- 



121 



The Loon. 121. ( Urinator imber. ) 
The remarkable bird walks with diffi- 
culty, rises to fly at a long angle with 
great effort, but dives like the otter to 
outstrip and catch the darting fish. 
When migrating to or from its northern 
nest, the loon halts to rest upon inland 
water, the farmer rushes for his gun. 



Coal Miner. 131. Mem- 
ber of a threatening army re- 
bellious against ancient econ- 
omic conditions, the modern 
coal miner, lamp in hat, 
crouches in the propped sub- 
terranean gallery, pumped free 
of water or fire damp, to dig 
with a pick axe, lumps of hard 
or soft (anthracite or bitum- 
inous) coal, from the deep 
strata of the Susquehanna, Le- 
high or Allegheny mines. 

Coal Dealer's Wagon. 

129. With a loud hissing 
Rise, a load of anthracite coal 
■ shot from the coal wagon's 
wdy, elevated upon cog-wheels, 
■wn a long sheet iron trough, 




131 



50 



Rotunda. 




(129 Continued) 
through a wall or pavement 
hole, into the cellar coal bin. 

Wild Duck. 130. 

Everywhere pursued by 
sportsmen, represented by 
many species, whether nest- 
ing in Pennsylvania or the 
far north, migrating at rail- 
road speed high in air, in 
Y-shaped flocks, lured by 
wooden decoys, stalked from 
blinds, retrieved when dying 
in the water by so-called 



129 




Chesapeake Bay dogs (bred from a Lab- 
rador original in 1807), courting death or 
danger, whenever in season he lights for 
food or rest on pond river or bay, the 
wild duck outclasses in the typical form 
of the celery fed canvasback, all lauded 
products of the American kitchen. 

liberty Bell. T27. A greatly val- 
ued national relic kept at the State House 
in Philadelphia. In size 12 by 4 feet, 
weighing 2080 pounds, with motto from 
Leviticus "Proclaim Liberty," and 
stamped with order of assembly, caster's '**" 

name, advertisement and date 1753. 
It rang at several crises in the 
Revolutionary War with England, 
tolled at national funerals, and 
was displayed at national exhibi- 
tions. It cracked tolling for Chie 
Justice Marshall, July 8th, 1835. 

Grapes. 126. The Euro- 
pean grape having produced wine 
for eighteen centuries, when trans- 
planted to the garden of the Penn- 
sylvaniau farmer and generally 
neglected, though remaining sweet 
and edible, so as to outrival the 
native fox and chicken grape, or 
flavor a home-brewed, sugared, acid 
beverage miscalled wine, whether 

deteriorated by soil, climate, or lack of 
skill, in spite of extensive efforts in 
California, New Jersey, New York, etc., 
no longer (1908) produces for the 
American the ancient drink of his 
European ancestors. 

Skunk. 125. {Mephitis put ida.) 
With long fur richly painted in black, 
white or brown, hiding by day in wood 
pile or ruined cellar, the nocturnal, 
chicken-killing skunk, celebrated and 
dreaded because of the pungent over- 
powering defensive liquor cast by it 





126 



Left Corridor. 



51 




(125 Continued) 
at its enemies, defies the 
efforts at its extermination. 



farmer's 



Keystone. 119X • Pennsyl- 
vania coming to be called the Keystone 
State from its geographical posi- 
tion upon 
the map, by 
newspapers 
in the nine- 
teenth cen- 
tury, the pattern of a keystone was used as 
an emblem of the state. 



125 



Chicken. 390. Probably descended 
from the wild chicken ( Gal lus ferrugineus ) 
of India, and domesticated by man in prehis- 
toric times, ever-present follower of human- 
ity, and contributor to its progress with flesh, 
feathers and eggs, the domestic chicken, 

unknown in 





11 9% 



390 whether 

as the red fox of the north, or as 
the grey fox of the south, the cele- 
brated animal, either burrowing in the 
earth, or living in rocks or hollow 
trees, is respected and hated by man. 
Driven into nets or dug out for ex- 
termination, until about 1650 in Britain, 
the fox began to allure the red-coated 
hunter and his hounds by the end of 
the 17th century. Thenceforward, 
protected as a target for sport, glori- 
fied by his destroyer in the fun of 
pictures, horns, hounds, redcoats, Irish 
reels, club rooms and balls, he becomes 
the type of the national sport of Eng- 



precolum- 
bian America, has been more indis- 
pensable to man than the food-produc- 
ing pig, if less so than the labor-con- 
tributing horse, the milk and leather- 
producing cow, and the wool-furnish- 
ing sheep. 

Fox. 399. ( Vulpes fulvus. ) Sly, 
stealthy, slit-eyed, night-hunting, 
cleanly, devourer of birds chickens 
mice moles squirrels fish beetles or 
fruit, less swift than his European 
cousin, 





399 

land transferred 
America. 



to 



373 



Battleship. 
373. Heavy plates 
of steel ri vetted to- 
gether form the sides, 
water-tight compart- 
ments, gun rooms, tur- 
rets and decks, of the 
modern wood-fitted 
battleship, upon which 
the modern sailor, no 
longer concerned with 
tar ropes masts and 
sails, is drilled as a 



Kotunaa. 




385 



mechanic and gunner. The mosaic shows 
a battleship at anchor near a city wharf. 

The Butterfly. 385. Through 
one of the most marvelous changes in 
nature, sometimes lasting over winter, by 
way of egg laid upon a twig, voracious, 
leaf-eating, skin-molting caterpillar, 
pseudo-death as a grub mummv wrapped 
in self-made coffin, long sleep and resur- 
rection, the butterfly, cancelling in 
winged beauty the caterpillar's harm, 
emerges upon the lap of summer to out- 
vie the fairest of her flowers. 



The Muskrat. 370. (Fiber 
zibethicus.) The amphibious prolific 
muskrat, inhabiting lakes and streams, 
invading cultivated lands, threatening 
dams and canals, destroying the water 
lily and lotus where they had flourished 
before, defies man's efforts to dig him 
out and exterminate him, and increases 
rather than disappears before the same 
civilization which, in exterminating the 
blood-letting mink which had filled the 
water rats' galleries with blood in the 
past, has withdrawn from the life 
struggle the muskrat 's worst enemy. 




370 




Casting: Iron. 315. Blow 
a stream of air into a confined fire 
of coke or charcoal, piled upon 
lumps of iron ore mixed with 
pieces of lime stone. When the 
molten metal, beneath masses of 
floating slag, runs out a clay tap 
hole, ladle it into moulds made 
of stiff, fine-grained, ferrugineous 
(casting) sand, or let it run free 
by way of a long trough-shaped 
open sand furrow (the sow), into 
smaller side troughs (the pigs). 
Able to soften iron by heat and 
shape the soft spongy mass with 
a hammer, since the dawn of his- 
tory or at the end of the Bronze 
Age, man, though long previously 
familiar with bronze casting, has 
.only been able thus to melt the 
31 g stubborn iron ore and cast it in 

moulds, since the 15th century. 
. Weasel. 401. (Putor- 
tus noveboracensis. ) Some- 
times turning all white in 
winter, brown-backed, keen- 
scented, night-hunting, whole- 
sale destroyer and blood 
sucker of rats, mice, moles, 
frogs, birds and chickens. 

The Telegraph. 
342. By means of "creep- 
ers," namely steel prongs 
strapped to his feet and legs, 

nn? P Tfi,r an ' ar . med u^ a W ? re cutter ' has ^cended the smooth 
pole to splice a storm broken wire, and repair the mechanism of one 
of the greatest inventions of modern times. (Many original inven- 




401 



Rotunda. 



53 





381 



(342 Continued) 
tors 1747-1887. Manv improving 
inventors 1837-1890. Systematized 
by Morse after 1837). 

Blue Jay. 381. {Cyanocitta 
cristata.) Beautiful tyrannical 
alarmist, omnivorous flesh and 
vegetable eater, egg-sucking, nest- 
ling eating, oppressor of other 
birds, and appropriator of half- 
built nests, the blue jay, hunting 
apples, pears, beechnuts, acorns, 
insects, cocoons, barberries, black- 
berries, etc., with startling cries 
flashes quick gleams of ultramarine 
Jirough the gray woods of autumn 
orthegreen 
leaves of 
summer. 
342 
The Grasshopper. 95. Sweet as 
the song of the meadow lark or scent of new 
mown hay, charming the recollection of 
thousands of human minds aged in the toil 
of cities, rises the universal memory of an 
infant form, hatless and barefoot, chasing 

the ever present grasshop- 
per, who with immense 
fascinating leaps, wins the 
race on the soft grass or 
prickly stubble fields of 
summer. The "grasshop- 
per war, ' ' an exterminating 
battle of an old Delaware 
and Susquehanna Valley 
myth, came, according to 
the farmer's wife's tale, 
from the overleaping by a 
grasshopper of a sinew 
boundary stretched be- 
tween two Indian camps. 
The chasing children of 
the rival tribes quarrel, and the squaws take their part; the braves 
intervene, and then a desperate resulting battle strews the 
river shores, as at Durham, or fills the mound, as at Connewago, 
with skulls. 

Oysters. 105. ( Ostrea virginiana. ) Ancient seaside heaps, 
"kitchen middens," of oyster and other shells, from Maine to 
Florida, and Alaska to California, prove 
that the Indians roasted and ate oysters 
for many centuries. Stewed, panned, 
roasted, raw, deviled, broiled, fried, 
steamed, boxed, or brazed, the American 
oyster, less highly flavored than its 
European cousin, raked from marine 
estuaries to be rapidly distributed by- 
railroads, soon became the familiar staple 
cf the city restaurant and barroom cook, 
and as stewed with milk, a national dish. 
Ovsters were gluttonously eaten raw on 
wagers in thefifties, at country eating 
10 ° houses and old fashioned oyster suppers. 

Inland lanes and roads paved with their shells (1908) prove an im- 
Imense increase in their consumption. 




__J 



95 




54 



Rotunda. 




215 



Heckewaelder Preaching. 
215. The Moravian missionar) 7 , minister 
of Christ's peace and brotherhood among 
Indians, venerable, noble, beloved, uphold- 
ing a friendship for the red man, equal to 
and long outliving that proclaimed by 
Penn, here preaches to the Lenape after a 
common fashion, standing upon a stump 
in the partly cleared woods. 

Klax Reel. 108. From a standard 

set upon a tripod, four pegged arms turned 

horizontally to wind off flax thread into 

skeins from 

the spindle. 

Sometimes 

set upon a 

forked sap- 
ling and easil)' made at home without 
turning lathe. Disused with the spin- 
ning wheel about 1835. 

Skunk. 85. {Mephitis puiida.) 
With long fur richly painted in black 
white or brown, hiding by day in the 
wood pile or ruined cellar, the noc- 
turnal chicken-killing skunk, cele- 
brated and dreaded because of the 
pungent overpowing defensive liquor 
cast by it at its enemies, defies the 
farmer's efforts at its extermination. 



108 

The Crassh op per. 82. 
Sweet as the song of the meadow lark 
or scent of new mown hay, charm- 
ing the recollection of thousands of 
human minds aged in the toil of cities, 
rises the universal memory of an in- 





fant form, hatless and bare- 
foot, chasing the ever pres- 
ent grasshopper, who with 
immense fascinating leaps, 
wins the race on the soft grass 
or prickly stubble fields of 
summer. The "grasshopper 
war, " an exterminating 
battle of an old Delaware 
and Susquehanna myth, 
came according to the farm- 
er's wife's tale, from the 
overleaping by a grasshop- 
per of a sinew boundary 
stretched between two Indian 
camps. The chasing children 
of the rival tribes quarrel, 
braves intervene, and then a 
shores, as at Durham, or fills 




82 

and the squaws take their part. The 
desperate resulting battle strews the river 
the mound, as at Connewag-o, withskulls. 



Oysters. IXI. {Ostrea Virginian a.) Ancient seaside heaps 
"kitchen middens," of oyster and other shells, from Maine to Florida, 
and from Alaska to California, prove that Indians roasted and ate 
oysters for many centuries. Stewed, panned, roasted, raw, deviled, 
broiled, fried, steamed, boxed or brazed, the American oyster, less 




111 



inches. ~ Height about 9. Place in it 
the risen dough for bread, then set on 
the convex lid and bury the pot in the 
hot embers of the open fire. Lift on or 
off the coals by the hinged wrought 
iron handle, whose hooks slip in or out 
of the clasp holes against the rim. Dis- 
continued with open fire cooking about 
1830-40. Still used by western camping 
parties, though but a meagre substitute 
for the bake oven of brick or clay. A 
rather uncommon farmyard relic in 
1897. Handles and lids generally lost 
or the latter used as watering troughs 
for chickens. 



Rotunda. 5S 

(III Continued) 
highly flavored than its European cousin, 
raked from marine estuaries to be rapidly 
distributed by railroads, soon became the 
familiar staple of ihe city restaurant and 
barroom cook, and as stewed with milk, 
a national dish. Oysters were glutton- 
ously eaten raw on wagers in the fifties at 
country eating houses and old fashioned 
oyster suppers. Inland lanes and roads 
paved with their shells (1908) prove an 
immense increase in their consumption. 

Dutch Oven. ria. A cast iron 
lidded pot, usual diameter about 20 




112 




139 



Keystone. 139. Pennsylvania com- 
ing to be called the Keystone State from its 
geographical position upon the map, by 
newspapers in the nineteenth century, the 
pattern of a keystone was since used as an 
emblem of the state. 

Pioneer Rifleman. 359* A marks- 
man of deadly aim from continual shooting 
at Indians and animals, the Pennsylvanian 
pioneer, armed at first with a transatlantic 
gun, barreled with a spiral bore to make the 
flying leaden bullet rotate, (rifle of Edward 
Marshall the Indian walker, made 1737-'50 
at Rothenburg Germany), began making 
his own "Lancaster" and "Kentucky" rifles 

at Reading, Lancaster and elsewhere by 

the end of the 18th century. Though 

subject to speedy annihilation in a 

bayonet charge, and denied a place in 

European armies by Napoleon, organ- 
ized bands of these deadly slow firing 

Indian fighters, with coon skin caps 

buckskin shirts and fringed leggings 

did great service in frontier battles, 

and at New Orleans in 1815, where 

the riflemen, lying behind cotton bales 

and supplied by boys with continually 

reloaded extra rifles, destroyed at a 

distance the British army, killed its 

general, and won the battle in a few 

minutes. 359 

Squirrel* 140. (Sciurus carotin ensis.) Having survived 
the enmity of the farmer, who shoots and eats the squirrel or im- 
prisons him in a tin cage and treadmill, the animal finds peace in. 




56 



V 




mm 


my. 




gyfr ' 


^*tF~i 














jPBJrVl < 



Rotunda. 

(140 Continued) 
the city park and town grove, where 
children tame and feed him. 



Flying Squirrel. 1x4. {Sciur- 
opterus volans. ) Nocturnal, dwelling in 
large gnawed holes in dead trees old 
house cornices deserted garrets or 
summer houses, sometimes imprisoned 
in tin cages by the farmer's boy, the 
beautiful flying squirrel outvies in cele- 
brity many 
largeranimals, 
by flitting at 
night diagon- 
ally from tree 

to tree upon winglike extensions of its 

leg skin. 





140 



Wooden Plough. 101. Home- 
made plough, ironed by country black- 
smith, and set with a wooden mould board, 
probably universal in the Atlantic States 
before 1800. Sometimes protected with sheet 
iron or as on the eastern shore of Mary- 
land, with bull-fish skin nailed to the 114 

mould board to save wear. 
Often rehandled with a 
cow's horn. Generally 
superseded by iron mould 
boards about 1810. 

Letitia House. 
I 37» Small brick house 
with white painted wood 
facings, built by William 
Penn in 1683, in a garden 
between Front, Second and 
101 Market streets, and Black 

Horse Alley, Philadelphia. 

Penn's residence for about one- 
year; capitol of the Province 

until about 1700; given to his 

daughter I v etitia who sold it to 

William Eastman. Twice serving 

as an inn (Rising Sun and Wool 

Sack), and afterward neglected 

and nearly destroyed by modern 

city growth. In 1882 removed 

and re-erected at its present 

(1908) site in Fairmount Park. 

Black Bear. 115. ( Ursus 

amcricamts. ) With dog and gun, 
man finds a bloody amusement 
in rapidly exterminating the 
honey loving, ant fish and root 
eating, vegetarian and carnivor- 
ous black bear. Glossy black, 
brown-cheeked, d og- fearing, 




137 



harmless ( unless when with cubs or in self defense), the tree- 
climbing hibernating animal, was reverenced, almost worshipped, 
yet hunted and eaten by Indians in the primeval forest. Close kin 
to the brown bear of Europe, the once abundant black bear in vain 



Rotunda. 




115 
near Peekskill on the Hudson, and 
there (1907) sometimes attached to a 
(now factory-made, previously home- 
constructed) treadmill, worked by a 
dog (the dog-churn). 

Red-Headed Woodpeck- 
er. 138. {Melanerpes eryihroceph- 
alus.) You must search among the 
painted birds of the tropics for a rival 
to this magnificent insect hunter, who 
startles the silent woods with sudden 
resonant drumming upon dead tree 
limbs, or, darting in red black and 
white through summer leafage, pro- 
tests in his 



57 

(1x5 Continued) 
retires to inacces- 
sible places, to es- 
cape the relentless 
and untiring hatred 
of his human pur- 
suer. 

Churning 
Butter. 136. 

The woman works 
a vertical wooden 
piston, set upon 
cruciform splash- 
ing arms, and pro- 
jecting through a 
lid hole in the bar- 
rel-shaped churn 
hal f -filled with 
cream. Used in 
Eastern Pennsyl- 
vania until about 
1850. Still in use 





138 

skunk, celebrated and dreaded 
because of the pungent over- 
powering defensive liquor cast 
by it at its enemies, defies the 
farmer's efforts at its exter- 
mination. 

The Locomotive En- 
gine. 107. For ten cen- 
turies preceding the date 1820, 
no such revolutionary change 
in the habits of man through 
his equipment with labor-saving 
devices, has occurred, as be- 
tween 1820 and the present time. 
More potently than electricity, 



lling life, 
ainst the 
ner- who 
would shoot 
him because 
he eats cher- 
ries, the 1111- ' \3Q 
taught boy who destroys him for fun, or the 
woman who wears his distorted skin or 
wings upon her hat. 

Skunk. 142. {Mephitis pulida.) With 
long fur richly painted in black white or 
brown, hiding by day in the wood pile or 
ruined cellar, the nocturnal chicken-killing- 




t42 



58 



Rotunda. 




(107 Continued) 
I gunpowder, printing.coal, 
iron or petroleum, the 
locomotive engine has 
probably worked to pro- 
duce this result. With its 
new rapid transfer of men 
and merchandise, cus- 
toms a thousand years 
old, tools, utensils, imple- 
ments, things home and 
hand made, vanished as 
if by magic. Largest type 
107 of locomotive of Philadel- 

phia make (1902), heavier, stronger, and of broader wheel guage, 
than its European rival. 

The Dog:. X48. {Canis familiarts.) When first domesti- 
cated by the North American Indian, or prehistoric old world 
savage, the wolf or jackal 
lost its ferocity to become 
the affectionate dog, an 
epoch was marked in the 
history of man. And the 
thinker may associate with 
the dog another epoch in 
man's higher evolution, 
when as now (1909) the 
human conscience strangely 
awakes, to enter upon a 
memorable struggle. Many 
unselfish champions of mercy 
and love, rejecting the al- 
leged cure of their own dis- 
eases, arm themselves for a 
world wide conflict with ■xa.r 

thousands of modern doctors 

and students, who proclaiming advantage to the human race, cut open 
(with or without pain deadening drugs), disembowel, inocculate with 
disease, ( vivisect) the living dog to help their surgery or medicine, or 
illustrate facts (previously known or unknown) to their scholars. 
Friendly, fleet, intelligent, trained to a multitude of uses besides 
hunting birds and animals, carnivorous, clinging to filthy habits and 
food, often unselfish, faithful, devoted beyond compare, the dog has 
followed close upon the human wanderer from the darkness of pre- 
historic time. What more remarkable moment than when the highest 
human education, the loftiest Christianity, forgets its pride, and 
humbles its desires, to find inspiration in the friendship of a dog. 





144 



Opossum. 144. (Didelphys vir- 
gin! ana.) Sluggish, sleepj T , helpless, 
death feigning, fruit insect and chicken 
eating, hunted of old and eaten with 
delight by the American slave and free, 
continually caught and killed by the 
farmer, the celebrated prolific American 
marsupial, ghastly in hair and skin, un- 
known in Europe, and related to the 
Australian kangaroo, continuing to 
rear about 36 young per year in three 
litters in its extraordinary breast pouch, 
survives its human enemy, and still 
harbors unsuspected close to the farm- 
er's henroost and haystack, or in his 
hollow apple tree. 




147 planted to 

the garden of the Pennsylvanian farmer, 
has been generally neglected. Though 
remaining sweet and edible, so as to 
outrival the native fox and chicken 
grape, or flavor a sugared acid home 
made wine, it has deteriorated, whether 
by soil, climate or lack of skill; and 
in spile of extensive efforts in Cali- 
fornia, New Jerse)' and New York, etc., 
no longer (1908) produces for the 
American the ancient drink of his 
European ancestors. 



Rotunda. 59 

Man Using: Frow. X47. With 

an L-shaped knife blade held upon a 
cylindrical section of white oak trunk 
set on a chopping block, the man splits 
with the grain, thin sections off the piece, 
by blows of a short large-headed wooden 
club. These shingles thus split, and 
afterwards pared where necessary with a 
draw knife, roofed early houses and log 
cabins. Homemade shingles split and 
used at Wormansville, Buckscounty, 1896. 

Grapes. 149. The European grape 
having produced wine for eighteen cen- 
turies, trans- 



The 

itnber. ) 



Loon. 150. ( Urinator 
The remarkable bird walks 




149 




150 



long-handled shovel of 
iron (the peel). Apple peach pump- 
kin huckleberry mince squash and 
and other forms of the familiar 
American pie, were developed from 
English original types, in these 
ovens. 

Snapping: Turtle. 133. 

{Chelydra serpentina.) Ferocious, 
carnivorous, devourer of frogs tad- 
poles and young ducks, only half- 
protected by his under shell, al- 
ways fighting in self-defense, most 
active of the turtle tribe in Penn- 
sylvania, inhabiting the muddy 
bottom of mill ponds, the snapping 
turtle, grand trophy of the torch 
light fisherman and wandering boy, 
sometimes caught with red flannel 



with difficulty, rises to fly at a long angle 
with great effort, but dives like the otter 
to outstrip and catch the darting fish. 
When the loon migrating to or from its 
northern nest, halts to rest upon inland 
water, the farmer rushes for his gun. 

Woman Baking:. 145. The 

brick fire chamber in a stone oven built 
against into or outside the house, and 
often opening into the kitchen fireplace, 
is heated with a wood fire. When the 
hot embers are raked out, and the oven 
cleaned with a damp swab, the bread 
loaves are pushed in or pulled out upon a 
wood or 




145 



so 



Rotunda. 




(133 Continued) 
on a fish hook, is the origin of 
a renowned "snapper soup" 
popular in country restaurants. 

Conestog-a Wagon. 
134* The immense ponder- 
ous schooner-shaped wagon of 
probable German descent, 
named from the site of its 
earliest make along the Cones- 
toga Creek in Lancaster 
county, with homespun linen 
cover stretched on wooden 
bows; and drawn by four to 





133 

six walking horses, often equip- 
ped with bells, transported freight 
south of New England lines of 
sea and lake transport and across 
the Alleghenies, before railroads 
were built. In lighter form, a 
wagon of national type, cele- 
brated as the "prairie schooner," 
it bore the American emigrant 
and his family "Westward Ho." 

Reaping With the 
Sickle. 143. Lean forward 
and seizing a large bunch of 
wheat or rye with the left hand, 



• 134 

cut the stalks near the ground by drawing 
the keen serrated narrow sickle blade 
across them from left to right. Then, as 
the mosaic shows, you reap as vour an- 
cestors did from Egyptian times until 
about 1820, when, at the advent of 
the old European grain cradle, and 
Hainault scythe (dispensing with stalk 
grasping), and finally the reaping ma- 
chine, the greatest craft of husbandry 
changed suddenly and forever. 
143 
Bat. 135. ( Vespertilio. ) 
Marvelous, weird, night-see- 
ing, alert after a day trance, 
hanging head downward on 
wing claws, in caves hollow 
trees open cellars or ruined 
barns, sometimes, for mother 
love, weighted on the wing 
with clinging brood, the fan- 
tastic bats enter the open 
window of the lamp lit bed- 
room, snuff the kitchen 
candle, chase twilight beetles 
over tree top and lawn, or as 
demons of the night breeze, tease the boy 
wicket," who followed them of old shouti'n 
child's rhyme — 

" Leather winged bat, flv under my hat 
And I'll give you a ham of bacon." 

fr^ 1 ^"®; 384 * Tr ? ns P la , nt ed from Europe as an inheritance 
from savage human ancestors who had domesticated it probably before 




135 

pi ay en 



of ' 
the 



' kick-the- 
Marvland 



Cross Lobby to Rotunda. 



61 



r^W"* 



384 



the reconcilia 
tion of two 
survivors of 
the Civil War, once soldier enemies, now 
farmers, meeting after thirty years to 
shake hands on their old battlefield at 
Gettysburg, upon the noted reunion of 
surviving veterans in 1903. 

Gettysburg:. 378. A struggle be- 
tween citizens of the United States at 



(384 Continued) 
Egyptian times, everywhere familiar as a 
household pet, kept by man as a destroyer 
of rats and mice long before the Norway 
rat invaded England in the 16th century, 
or followed European discoverers to Amer- 
ica, the cat vies with the dog in human 
popularity. 

Reconciliation of IV ortli and 
South. 370. The mosaic represents 





379 

Gettysburg in I860, decided 
against the continued inconsistent 
existence of negro slavery in the 
liberty asserting United States, 
and against the division of the 
Republic into two nations. 



378 

Stephen Collins Poster. 

382. The mosaic shows the first musi- 
cal bar of the song called " Old Folks 
at Home " often known as "The "Su- 
wannee River, " inscribed on the roof of 
a. riverside log cabin. The background 
is stamped with the initials S. C. F. 
standing for Stephen Collins Foster, 
most original song writer of the 
United States, born at Pittsburg in 
1826, and principal originator of 
Anglo- African music. Author of "Old 






r**"V'^ 




373 



! i4!Hlli§ii 



382 

Kentucky Home," "Old 
Uncle Ned," "Carry Me 
Back to Old Virginny," 
"Hard Times," "Nelly 
Bly," "Old Dog Tray," 
etc. The music of Foster, 
better remembered than his 
name, outvies in inspira- 
tion to Americans, the rep- 
utation of many founders 
warriors and statesmen. 

Shad. 373. {Clupea 
sapidissima.) Netted while 



62 



Cross Lobby to Rotunda. 




ascending in shoals eastern seaboard rivers in the spring to spawn, 
protected by law, lost in winter in the ocean's depth, the immensely 
prolific sensitive graceful shad, dying in captivity, or at the friction 
of nets, was fried in the long handled fry- 
ing pan, broiled on the gridiron by the 
open fire of the old farm kitchen, or 
roasted on a plank by the bonfire of the 
Delaware River fisherman. 

Indian Rock Picture. 341. 

Symbolizing the mystic forces of nature 
in a conglomerate shape of bird reptile and 
demon, as in the wild worship of many 
primitive peoples, this wierd outline, 
pecked with the points of hard sharp 
stones, two centuries ago at least, by In- 
dians, comprises one of a group of freshet- 
worn figures, on the east face of Big 
Indian Rock in the Susquehanna rapids 
341 • at Safe Harbor. 

Drawing: "Water at the "Well 
Sweep. 380. By means of a balanced 
bucket bearing pole, weighted at the base 
and hinged upon a post, the woman, leaning 
against the wooden well curb, lowers the 
empty bucket, fastened upon a long stick, 
and lifts it again full from the well. An- 
cient apparatus in general use until 1840. 
Surviving (1909) in wilder mountain regions. 
Still common in 1907 near Cambridge, 
Maryland. 

Turtle Carapace. 348. Celebrated 
in white man's 
history and leg- 
end, venerated 
as an emblem of 
wisdom by the 
Indian, the slug- 
gish unwieldy 
turtle, heavily 

armored above and below by carapace 
and plastron, resists without much effort 
the attack of many enemies; sometimes 
defying the tearing of eagle's beak and 
talons, as when, if the legend be true, a 
bird of prey high in air, killed the Greek 
poet, Aeschylus by dropping a tortoise 
upon his head. 





380 



348 



Death of General Brad- 
dock. 400. General Braddock fell 
at the defeat of his Colonial troops 
when openly charging ambushed French 
and Iroquois Indians, who shot their 
rifles from behind trees, at the battle of 
Great Meadows in 175(3. 

Shoeing: the Horse. 391. 

All horses in the new world, the wild 
prairie or pampas breeds Indian pony 
and Mexican mustang included, are of 
imported transatlantic stock, domesti- 
cated by old world savages in the stone 
age. The once abundant American 
horse, having perished in an unex- 




400 



Cross Lobby to Rotunda. - 



63 




(391 Continued) 
plained sudden manner, as his fossil bones 
show, in post-glacial times, was replaced by 
the European animal, chief historic trans- 
porter of man and merchandise, contributor 
of untold unthanked labor for many millen- 
iums before steam, and of inestimable help in 
human progress. Free-hoofed for soft ground 
by nature, but shod with iron shoes for stony 
soil since the dawn of civilization. 

Oil "Well. 386. When the narrow 
bored pump hole, having become clogged at 
a great depth, is blasted by dropping a 
pointed iron weight (go-devil) upon a dyna- 
mite cartridge, the oil pressed upward by 
subterranean 
391 gas, bursts sky- 

ward in vapor above the derrick. Petrol- 
eum was used by Indians as a medical 
lubricant, or burned for sport as an iri- 
descent scum on Oil Creek, before its 
application in Western Pennsylvania as 
a world illuminaut revolutionized all 
ancient lighting appliances. It had 
burned spontaneously at Baku on the 
Caspian Sea since prehistoric time, giv- 
ing inspiration to the earliest Parsee 
fir e- worsh ippe r s . 

Rattlesnake. 374* ( Crotalus 

horridus. ) Less poisonous than the 

cobra of India, or the fer de lance of 

Martinique, devourer of small rodents, 

the deadly rattlesnake, where he sur- 386 

vives in the Appalachians from New 
Hampshire to Florida, is justly dreaded 
by man. About four feet long, sluggish, 
coiling, rattling, reluctantly striking, the 
brown or blackish yellow diaper-striped 
snake was avoided and venerated by In- 
dians and white men, and but very rarely 
conciliated by snake loving mountaineers, 
who dare to pick up the fanged reptile in 
their hands. 





374 Sheep. 394 

before Columbus, domesticated by man 
in Europe at an unknown period in pre- 
historic time, the gentle timorous grass- 
eating wool-bearing sheep, as the princi- 
pal origin of woven clothes, has been of 
inestimable importance to man since the 
dawn of history. Spanish (merino), and 
English breeds (Cotswold, Liecestershire, 
Southdown, etc.), were brought to the 
United States in the 16th century and 
later. Variously mixed on the farm, and 
source of supply for housewife's wool 
wheel, the country loom, and farmer's 
homespun linsey-woolsey clothes, after 
the clearing of the forest. 

Boy Rolling: Hoop. 393. Al- 
ternating his sport with games of 
marbles, the village rather than coun- 
try boy, chases his rolling hoop (an 



Unknown in America 




394 



64 



Vestibule to Rotunda. 




(393 Continued) 
iron or wooden barrel hoop, beaten 
with a stick) in 1908, as he chased it 
in France in 1348 (according to an il- 
luminated missal in the Bodlean 
Library of old Oxford). The ancient 
sport common (1908) in Britain, north 
and south Germany, Scandinavia, 
Italy and France. 

Typewriter. 388. Human 
handwriting with a pen rapidly dis- 



393 

appears from the transactions of com- 
merce after 1880 to be supplanted by 
the printed manuscript of the type- 
writer, developed from the inventions 
of Wheatstone and Foucault about 
1855. Inked type dart against the sur- 
face of a revolving sheet of paper 
rapidly forming words, while the 
writer, as shown in the mosaic, plays 
with both hands upon the keyboard of 
the instrument. 




388 




376 



Iron Miner. 376. Iron the master 
metal, marking when utilized by man 
after bronze, an epoch in human history, 
is here as an ore dug with a crow bar by 
the miner, from its native vein as some- 
times exposed upon the open hillside. 

Cricket. 387. The familiar black 
insect, proclaiming the wane of summer 
by the tinkling of his rubbed wings 
about mid- 
August, be- 
longs to a 
numerous 
family, 
greatly be- 
loved in the 
form of its celebrated representative 
the house cricket {Grillus domesticus), 
who finding nooks of winter shelter in- 
doors, sings undismayed near the open 
hearth of the old kitchen. 

Redbud. 392. {Cercis canaden- 
sis.) Where the southern redbud or 
Judas tree 
grows wild in 
the Susque- 
hanna woods 
stand be- 
neath the 
yet leafless 

boughs gleaming in crimson blossoms, and 
while the bees hum and the spring zephyr 
brings memories of southern forests, forget 
even the snowy shad bush, and the white 
vernal glory of the matchless dogwood. 

Rabbit. 396. {Lepus floridanus.) 
With brown cinnamon and gray fur, and 





387 



392 



Vestibule to Rotunda. 



65 




396 




(396 Continued) 
white under tail, very prolific, subsisting 
on roots and vegetables, burrowing, 
crouching till almost touched, very fleet, 
doubling to escape dogs, the rabbit de- 
fies extermination in spite of gunners in 
season, minks weasels crows and hawks. 
Hard is the heart which unmoved to pity, 
sees the terrified rabbit crouching in clear 
view by log or weed stalk, while the dogs 
bark and race in distant circles. 

The Arms of Pennsylvania. 
375. Two rampant horses support a 
shield emblazoned with ship (commerce), 
wheat sheaf (agriculture), plow 
(agriculture), wreathed with 
Indian corn (agriculture), and 
lacking quartering for iron or 
petroleum. The whole ill de- 
signed in realistic spirit, a mis- 
conceived picture, rather than a 
conventionalized pattern. 

Turtle Carapace. 397. 

Celebrated in white man's his- 
tory and legend, venerated as an 
emblem of wisdom by the Indi- 
an, the sluggish unwieldy rep- 
tile, heavily armored above and 
below by carapace and plastron, 
resists without much effort the 375 

attack of many enemies; some- 
times defying the tearing of eagle's beak and 
talons, as when, if the legend be true, a bird 
of prey high in air, killed the Greek poet 
Aeschylus by dropping a tortoise upon his 
head. 

Soft Shelled Crab. 398. (Cal- 
linectes hastatus. ) The maritime blue crab 
in its shell (hard 
shell), or having 
recently cast its 
shell in summer 
(soft shell), in- 
habits themuddy 
beaches of the 
Delaware Ches- 
apeake and At- 
397 lantic tide water 

coasts. Deviled broiled fried hashed, 
dressed in many ways, it ranks like the 
terrapin oyster and canvasback duck 
as a boasted national dish. 

Baltimore Oriole. 383. 
terns galbula. ) Gleaming black 
orange through the summer boughs of 
hickory apple oak and maple, named 
after the Irish town Baltimore indirectly 
through the heraldic colors of Lord 
Baltimore founder of Maryland, de- 
stroyer of insects, brilliant musician, 
migrating in winter to Mexico, the 
magnificent "hanging bird," in nest 
building gladly seizes upon the strings 
rags and lint of the modern white 
3Q3 American, minus which in the shadows 





398 




(/c- 
and 



66 



Right Corridor. 




of the great forest, the oriole must have 
built his hanging pouchlike nest with 
greater trouble of vegetable fibre and twigs. 

The Iron Miner. 377. Mighty 
medium of modern progress, iron the master 
metal, marking when utilized by man after 
bronze, an epoch in human history, is here 
dug by the miner with a pickaxe from 
its native vein. 

"Wildcat. X52. {Lyiwc rufus) Yel- 
lowish brown, short-tailed, with hair tufts 
on ears spotted with dark brown or black, 
scaring its prey with a wild scream, sleeping 
in hollow trees caves and rock shelters, 




377 

destroying young birds in the 
nest, mincing catnip, wallowing 
in strong scented herbs, stalk- 
ing rabbits and grouse in the 
twilight of dawn or eve, un- 
earthing mice or watching at 
squirrel holes, the wild cat 
springs from ambush or over- 
head bough upon his larger prey. 
This relative of the domestic 
cat lion tiger leopard and fossil 
American sabre-toothed smilo- 15Z 

don, has been driven by his 
old enemy the Pennsylvanian 
farmer to the few remaining 
forest fastnesses of the Alle- 
ghenies. 

Snapping; Turtle. 
172. {Chelydra serpentina.) 
Ferocious, carnivorous, de- 
vourer of frogs tadpoles and 
young ducks, only half pro- 
tected by his under shell, al- 
ways fighting in self-defense, 
the snapping turtle, most 
172 active of the turtle tribe in 

Pennsylvania, inhabits the 

muddy bottom of the mill-pond. Grand 

trophy of torch light fisherman and 

wandering boy, sometimes caught with 

red flannel on a fish hook, the fierce 

reptile is the origin of a renowned 

"snapper soup" popular in country 

restaurants. 

^ Loon. 157. ( Urinator imber. ) 
The remarkable bird walks with diffi- 
culty, rises to fly at a long angle with 
great effort, but dives like the otter 
to outstrip and catch the darting fish. 
When migrating to or from its northern 
nest the loon halts to rest upon 
inland water, the farmer rushes for 
his gun. 

t 157 

Keystone. 158* Pennsylvania coming to be called 





the 



Keystone State from its geographical position upon the map by 



Right Corridor. 



67 




158 



old pump stands by 
wall, the innocent boy, coaxed of a 
frosty morning to hunt elbedritches 
(the furred goblin animal of the Penn- 
sylvania German myth), is fastened by 
the tip of his steaming tongue to the 
frosty iron, which he has been induced 
to lick. 

CllickenS. x6t. Descended from 
the wild chicken {Gal his ferrugineus) 
of India, and domesticated by Asiatic 
savages in unknown prehistoric time, 
the chicken, having long contributed 
to humanity's progress with eggs flesh 



(158 Continued) 
newspapers in the nineteenth century, the 
pattern of a keystone was since used as an 
emblem of the state. 

House Pump. 153. A stout log of 
sky-blue white oak, hand bored by means of 
a graduated series of long handled pod 
augers, plugged with a spout, and adjusted 
with a wrought iron handle. Having super- 
seded at the farm well, the balanced pole, 
the ancient windlass, balanced buckets, and 
hooked staff, the homemade pump was 
generally replaced about 1870-'90 by the 
light factory-made gaudily painted hand 
pump of similar mechanism. Where the 
the barn yard 





161 
Opossum. 169. 




169 



153 

and feathers, has been artificially 
hatched by Arabs in Egypt since the 
middle ages, from eggs placed in 
earthen ovens, and daily turned, 
(the origin of the modern incubator). 

House Fly. 175. {Musca 
domestica). The familiar, buzzing, 
warmth-loving, house-infesting, dis- 
ease spreading insect, grown in filth 
garbage and horse manure, within 
a month, through egg, maggot, and 
fly, was probably introduced from Eu- 
rope with the horse, by first settlers. 



(Didelphis virgin- 
iana. ) Sluggish, 
sleepy, helpless, 
death-feigning, 
fruit insect and 
chicken eating, 
hunted of old 
and eaten with 
delight by the 
southern Amer- 
ican, slave and 
free. Often 
caught and kill- 
ed by the north- 
ern farmer, the celebrated prolific Ameri- 
can marsupial, ghastly in hair and skin, 
unknown in Europe, is related to the 
Australian kangaroo. It continues to 
rear about 36 young per year in three 




175 



68 



Right Corridor. 



litters, in its extraordinary breast pouch, survives its human enemy, 
and still harbors unsuspected close to the farmer's henroost and hay- 
stack, or in his hollow apple tree. 

Shelling: Corn. 163. The man 

throws the husked ears of maize into a 
hopper set against a log bristling with short 
iron spikes. This revolving as he turns a 
crank, tears off the grain and casts away 
the cob. Homemade about 1800. 

Oysters. 156. {Oslrea virginiana.) 

Ancient seaside heaps "kitchen middens," 
of oyster and other shells, from Maine to 
Florida, and from. Alaska to California, 
prove that Indians roasted and ate oysters 
for many centuries. v Stewed, panned, 
roasted, deviled, broiled, fried, steamed, 
boxed, or brazed, the American oyster, 
less highly flavored than its Euro- 
pean cousin, raked from marine 
estuaries to be rapidly distributed by 
railroads, soon became the familiar 
staple of the city restaurant and bar- 
room cook, and, stewed with milk, a 
national dish. Oysters were glutton- 
ously eaten raw on wagers in the 
fifties at country eating houses and 
old fashioned oyster suppers. Inland 
lanes and roads paved with their 
shells (1908) prove an immense in- 
crease in their consumption. 




163 



German School. 155. 

When the English language became 





155 



156 

compulsory in Pennsylvauian 
public schools in 1854, several old 
customs disappeared in the Ger- 
man speaking districts, such as 
the teaching of music by ancient 
notation inscribed in chalk upon 
the ceiling beams, instruction in 
illuminated writing (Fractur), or 
the punishment of children with 
the box brille, or leather horned 
(goats) spectacles. Vet the chil- 
dren taught in English, still (in 
1!>0S) play at recess in German. 

Chicken Cock. 154. 

Domesticated by Eastern Asiatics 
from the jungle fowl {Callus fer- 
rugineus) more than a millenium 



B. C, graceful, many colored, red-combed, 
courageous, the barnyard cock, everywhere 
familiar companion of man in his migra- 
tions, head of a race vitalizing humanity 
with eggs flesh and feathers, herald of dark 
and dawn, has been patterned in Christen- 
dom as a vane to mark the wind's change 
since its crow marked Peter's denial, hence 
in shape or name (German balm, English 
cock) applied to the turning lids of ancient 
lamps, and modern valves or spigots. Since 
Homer's time, the bird has been as deeply 
interwoven with man's life literature and 
history as the horse or cow. 




154 




174 



Right Corridor. 69 

Cherries. 174. {Primus cer- 
asus.) Rival of the strawberry, be- 
loved of boys and birds; associated 
with the flavor of cherry bounce and 
pie, the delicious European fruit, in 
its best known forms of oxheart, pie 
cherry, or black cherry, when freshly 
imported, and grown by the log cabin 
of the pioneer, may have been seen by 
the Indian before his expulsion from 
Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvanian 
must thank the horticulture of his 
European ancestors for this fair fruit 
of early summer, brought to Europe 
by Lucullus the Roman epicure from 
Cerasus of Asiatic Pontus, to be cul- 
tivated for centuries in France Eng- 
land and Germany. If in Pennsyl- 
vania degenerating in flavor, it has not failed in the magnificence of 
its white blossoms, which gladdening the road sides when the meadow 
lark sings his spring song, only yield in 
beauty to those which the Japanese wonder 
at on April seventh. 

Type Setter. 164. The greater 
needs of knowledge justly destroyed a 
magnificent art, when printing, discovered 
about 1450, whether by Faust and Gutten- 
burg, or by others, (though despised by the 
bibliophiles of the 16th century, such as 
Cardinal Bembo who would not have a 
printed book in his library), superseded 
book making by hand. Henceforth the 
art, revolutionizing all human knowledge, 
of assembling block letters into words and 
sentences, clamping them together to ink 
them and press them on paper, continued 
with little change until immensely facili- 
tated in recent times through improve- 
ments upon man)- previous machines, by 
the invention (Lanston and Mergenthaler 
1884), of casting the type from molten 
metal, while assembling them in immediate 

response to 





164 

a finger touch upon a key 



board like that of a typewriter. 

Barrack. 160. A movable roof 
clasping four posts, pried up or let down 
upon iron pegs at the four corners, 
covers the hay stack. Common 1908 
in Pennsylvania. Almost unknown in 
.New England. 



160 

Moth. 162. ( Actias lima. ) 
Member of an immense prolific world- 
spread family, whether , harmless to 
man or destructive of his food and 
clothes, transformed like the butterfly 
through marvelous changes of life 
death and resurection, the nocturnal 
moth, hidden by day, becomes a 




162 



70 



Right Corridor. 




household wonder of a summer night, as lured often to death by 
lamp glare through the open window, he flits ghost-like in velvet 
splendor to rest with wings spread flat upon the window sill or curtain. 

Peon's Seal of Pennsylvania. 197. Three ears of 

Indian corn dividing bunches of 
grapes, surrounded by the noble 
words TRUTH PEACE LOVE AND 
PLENTY, and encircled with flow- 
ers, symbolized the Christian ideals 
of George Fox and William Penn, 
which for a short time reflected a 
world-wide glory and promise upon 
the young commonwealth, and de- 
lighted the philosophers and philan- 
thropists of the age. 

Barn Owl. 141. [Sl.rix prat- 
incola. ) A very conspicuous yellow- 
brown owl staring blinking and bow- 
ing, when rarely seen in hollow tree 
1Q7 deserted garret belfry or ruined barn 

hiding from the daylight. Destroyer 
of field mice and moles, never 
of birds chickens and pigeons, 
hence a help to the agricultur- 
alist, yet ruthlessly killed by 
man in boyish curiosity mis- 
guided sport woman's vanity 
or farmer's ignorance. 

The Grasshopper. 

176. Sweet as the song of 

the meadow lark or scent of 

new mown hay, charming the 

recollection of thousands of 

human minds aged in the toil 

of cities, rises the universal 

memory of an infant form, **, 

hatless and barefoot, chasing 

the ever present grasshopper, 
who with immense fascin- 
ating leaps wins the race on 
the soft grass or prickly 
stubble fields of summer. 
The "grasshopper war, " an 
exterminating battle cele- 
brated in an old Delaware 
and Susquehanna myth, 
came, according to the farmr 
er's wife's tale, from the 



176 

over-leaping by a grasshopper of a sinew 
boundary stretched between two Indian 
camps. The chasing children of the rival 
tribes quarrel and the squaws take their 
part; the braves intervene, and then a 
desperate resulting battle strews the river 
shores, as at Duiham, or fills the mound 
as at Connewago, with skulls. 

The Pine. 167. Sawed for 
boards hard or soft, yellow or white, 
or scored for exuding resin, origin of 






167 



Right Corridor. 



71 




pitch, the pine tree covers the northern hills and southern swamps. 
Notable in various forms, but most distinctive as the beautiful white 
pine \Pinus strobus), rivaling the cedar of Lebanon or the Deodar 
of India with its bare winglike limbs 
feathered only at the ends. Cut with the 
axe or movable saw, and floated down the 
stream in the form of trimmed logs, the 
white pine seems to approach extermination 
in Pennsylvania. 

Cricket. 166. The familiar alack 
insect family, proclaiming in late August 
the wane of summer, by the tinkling of 
rubbed wings, is greatly beloved in the form 
of its celebrated representative the house 
cricket (Grill us ciomesticus), who finding 
nooks of winter shelter indoors sang un- 
dismayed near the open hearth of the old 
kitchen. 

Porcupine. 165. (Erethizon dor- 
166 satus.) Rolled into a ball of poisonous 

barbed bristles destructive to the 
tongue and mouth of wolf or wild 
cat, the porcupine defends itself 
against ferocious enemies, far ex- 
ceeding it in strength. Tree climb- 
ing, greedy of salt, feeding upon the 
inner bark of elm, linden and hem- 
lock trees, sometimes gnawing the 
bones of cave-buried animals for 
food, the non-hibernating animal 
who nests in a hollow tree, was 
hunted by Indians for open fire roast- 
ing and for its quills valued as decor- .gg 
ations for belt pouch and moccasin. 

Skillet. 168. A large thin cup 
of hammered iron with long handle, is 
set upon its three legs in the hot embers 
of the old open kitchen fire. Stew in it 
meat or vegetables or baby's pap in water 
or milk. Generally disused with open 
fire cooking about 1840. 

Wild Duck. 171. Everywhere 
pursued by sportsmen, represented by 
many species whether nesting in Penn- 
sylvania or the far north, migrating at 
railroad speed high in air in Y-shaped 
flocks, lured by wooden decoys, stalked 





168 



from blinds, retrieved when dying in 
the water by so called Chesapeake Bay 
dogs (bred from a Labrador original in 
1807), courting death or danger when- 
ever, in season, he lights for food or 
rest on pond river or bay, the wild 
duck out classes in the typical form of 
the celery fed canvasback, all lauded 
products of the American kitchen. 

Blast Furnace. 178. An iron 
tower, pumping air and shooting flames, 
solves the problem long unsolved, of 
melting masses of irqn ore mixed with 
coke and lime stone (smelting), or 1^1 

remelting the product for casting. Until the middle ages, the smith, 
thus able from unknown antiquity to melt tin mixed with copper 




72 



Right Corridor. 




(178 Continued) 

(bronze), and cast it in moulds, could 
only soften, not melt, the iron mass of 
more or less pure ore, and hammer 
(forge) it into shape. 

The Oak. 170. (Ouercus.) Long 
lived, colossal, durable, highly valued 
for wood bark and sawdust, represented 
by a multitude of varieties as the red, 
black, swamp, willow, chestnut, and 
pin oak, or as the familiar ashen-barked 
white oak, frequently marking the land 
boundaries in old deeds, the oak, though 



178 

unknown in Australia and tropical 
Africa, ennobles the forests of 
Europe Asia and America in the 
north temperate zone. 

Stagecoach. 183. The 18th 
century Americanized English stage- 
coach, of generally square low form 
in Pennsylvania, or egg-shaped with 
side doors boot and top seats, since 
about 1800 of New England make, 
generally painted yellow, and swung 



183 

inscription WILLIAM PENN PRO- 
PRIETOR AND GOVERNOR OK 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

The Kim. 187. ( Ulmus amer- 

icamt. ) Less conspicuous and be- 
loved for village shade than in New 
England, the white, American, or 
water elm of Pennsylvania, often 
vase-shaped in the outline of its 
plumed branches, loves water 
courses, and escapes the barbarism 
of Pennsylvania German village 
tree-topping, in moist woods. The 
most noted tree of its kind in Penn- 
sylvania, venerated as shading the 





170 

on leather straps, became 
celebrated in the sixties 
on the Deadwood, and 
other overland stage 
routes of California and 
the far west. Surviving 
(1900) in remote corners 
of New England. 

Penn's Seal of 
Pennsylvania. 

182. A shield with the 
arms of William Penn 
against a background 
adorned with scrolls and 
inscribed with the words 
MERCY JUSTICE, is 
bordered by the circular 




182 



Right Corridor. 



73 




(187 Continued) 
celebrated treat}- of Perm with the Indians 
at Kensington the north suburb of Phila- 
delphia, in 1682, and protected from fire- 
wood hunters by the British General Sim- 
coe's sentry in the Revolution, blew down 
in 1810 at an age of 283 years. 

Quail. 177. (Colinus virgin ianus.) 
Prolific, ground-nesting, nonmigratory, 
gathering in winter coveys, preserved by 
game laws, rising 
for the sportsman 



with explosive 
137 whirring of wings, 

the quail cheers 
summer with his lively " bob white " note. 
How did the now meadow-loving bird subsist 
in the earlier days of the great meadowless 
forests? 

John Fitch's Steamboat. 189. 

The mosaic shows John Fitch experimenting 
in 1785 with his model steamboat on a pond 
near Hartsville in Bucks count}'. Boats having 
been propelled by crank paddle wheels turned 
by men or oxen since Roman times, and 

several attempts 




177 




189 

lin and a committee 
engine 



having been 
made to move boats with im- 
perfect steam engines ( Blasco 
de Gary, Barcelona 1543, Den- 
nis Papin, Cassel 1707, De Juf- 
froy, Lyons 1783), the finished 
practical steamboat resulted 
from several attempts at the 
end of the 1 8th century to ap- 
ply the newly invented steam 
engine of Watt to the propul- 
sion of water vehicles. Rumsey, 
Virginia 1780, tried propulsion 
by water jets. After several ex- 
periments in steam propulsion 
by oar and paddle wheels be- 
tween 1785 and '90, and a screw 
propeller in 1796, John Fitch's 
idea was condemned by Frank- 
Symington having practically applied Watt's 
steamer on the Clyde Canal in 1802, was con- 
Robert Fulton after 



to a towin 
demned and discouraged by the canal company, 
being condemned by Napoleon's committee in 1803 at Paris, when 
proposing an invasion of England by steamboat, succeeded practically 
in applying Watt's engine to his 
paddle boat, the Clermont, (1807) on 
the Hudson, seventeen years after 
Fitch's oared steamboat (1790) had 
carried passengers from Philadelphia 
to Bristol, and nine years after the 
despairing suicide of Fitch at Bards- 
town Kentuckv in 1798. 



Cherries. X93. (Prunus cer- 
asus.) Rival of the strawberry, be- 
loved of boys and birds, associated 
with the flavor of cherry bounce and 
pie, the delicious European fruit in its 
best known forms of pie, oxheart, or 
black cherry, when freshly imported 
and grown by the log cabin of the 



|## 



193 



74 



Right Corridor. 



pioneer, may have been seen by the Indian before his expulsion from 
Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvanian must thank the horticulture of his 
European ancestors for this fair fruit of early summer, brought to 
Europe b/ Lucullus the Roman epicure, from Cerasus of Asiatic 
Pontus, to be cultivated for centuries in 
France England and Germany; and which if 
in Pennsylvania degenerating in flavor, has 
not failed in the magnificence of its white 
blossoms. These gladden the road sides when 
the meadow lark sings his spring song, and 
only, yield in beauty to those which the Japan- 
ese wonder at on April seventh. 

Chimney Swallow. 192. {Ch&tura 

pelagica. ) Continually on the wing, flying at 
the rate of a mile a minute, skimming the 
pond's brim, dipping under water, or darting 
192 close to the meadow grass for insect prey, 

master in the matchless gift of flight, 

the short-tailed long-winged dusky 

chimney swallow (properly a swift) 

must have ceased gluing his nest of 

twigs to the walls of caves and hollow 

trees, and resorted to the previously 

unknown farm house chimneys about 

1720. 




Penn's Seal of Bucks 
County. 211. A shield with three 
balls the arms of Penn, overshadowed 
by a tree, and inclosed by a leafy 
grapevine, is surrounded with the 
legend WILLIAM PENN PROPRI- 
ETOR AND GOVERNOR BUCKS. 

Lost and forgotten until 




211 




331 



rediscovered stamped 
in wax upon an old deed in the Court House at 
Doylestown. 

Robin. 331. {Merula migratoria.) A few 
boys in the year 1908 beyin to feel that when on 
the fairest morn of May, the redbreast sings 
among the apple blossoms, the sight and sound 
are worth all the cherries the bird may after- 
wards eat. But an older human generation 
had to be influenced to cease robin killing b}- 
opening the insect-filled stomach of the songster 
to reassure that of the man. Robins eat in- 
sects, and insects eat fruit, therefore robins 



help man to eat more fruit. 

TheKingfisher. 420. (Ceryle 
alcyon.) The man with country boy- 
hood, who learned to swim where the 
still water runs deep in the "horse 
hole," or by the roaring breast of the 
old mill dam, can never forget the 
echoing trumpet of the kingfisher, as 
the restless big headed black collared 
bird, flashing, diving, perching, sets 
going the wild echoes of woods air 
and water. 

Bullfrog. 415. ( Ran a catcs- 
biana.) Prolific, laying thousands of 
eggs in warm water, which pass from tadpole to frog in early summer 
days, making summer night echo with his deep bellowing, feeding 




420 



Treasury Room. 



75 




415 

on the Susquehanna. 

Indian Rock 
Carvings. 410. 

The mosaic shows a 
few of tile scattered 
figures of men ani- 
mals and bird tracks, 
which, together with 
forms of reptiles and 
demonic symbols, 
were made probably 



(415 Continued) 
upon insects snails and reptiles, the 
bullfrog has rather increased than di- 
minished in numbers since the destruc- 
tion of the great forest. 

Indian Carving. 419. One of 

the series of carvings referring to animals 
birds and reptiles, possibly a panther, 
pecked with sharp stones by Indians 
upon the side of a boulder, known as 
Little Indian Rock, at Safe Harbor 





419 

by Susquehannock, Delaware or 
Iroquois Indians, by pecking with 
hard sharp stones on the face of 
three large water- worn boulders 
in mid-Susquehanua at Safe Har- 
bor. The grinding of driftwood 
in freshets slowly erases these 
weird symbols of a vanished race 
placed in the midst of roaring 
and dangerous rapids. 



41 

Song Sparrow. 418. 

(Melospiza fasciata.) Below the 
ripples w-here the mill stream lin- 
gers by bridge or eddy, and where 
the jet black water beetles dart upon 





414 



418 

the odoriferous pool, the 
song sparrow, seizing a 
branch of hazel, or top- 
most fresh-leaved spray 
of willow, outvieing all 
his kindred, stirs the 
heart with his sweetest 
keynote of spring. 

Eel. 4x4. {Angu- 
illa vulgaris. ) Living in 
water, burrowing in sub- 
marine mud, or travers- 
ing grnss fields, covered 
with a green scaleless 
skin, the slippery eel, 
defying the boy's hand 



76 



Treasury Room. 




clutch, bites at the flannel wrapped string of the fisherman "bobbing 
for eels," seizes the baited strings floated over night on shingles in 
the mill-dam, or, twisted upon the boy's fishing line, rises from the 
" horse hole " instead of the expected catfish. 

The Grasshopper. 417. Sweet as the song of the meadow 
lark, or scent of new mown hay, charming the recollection of 

thousands of human minds 
aged in the toil of cities, 
rises the universal mem- 
ory of an infant form, hat- 
less and barefoot, chasing the 
ever present grasshopper, 
"who with immense fascin- 
ating leaps wins the race on 
the soft grass or prickly 
stubble fields of summer. 
The "grasshopper war," an 
exterminating battle of an 
old Delaware and Susque- 
hanna Valley myth, came, 
according to the farmer's 
417 wife's tale, from the over- 

leaping by a grasshopper of 
a sinew boundary stretched between 
two Indian camps. The chasing chil- 
dren of the rival tribes quarrel, and the 
squaws take their part, followed by the 
braves, till a desperate resulting battle 
strews the river shores, as at Durham, 
or fills the mound, as at Connewago, 
with skulls. 

Indian Turtle. 413. One of 

nearly two hundred carvings of birds, 

animals, their tracks and reptiles, 

pecked with sharp stones by Indians in 

precolumbian times, against the side of 

Little Indian Rock, in the Susquehanna 

rapids at Safe Harbor. The turtle is 

represented with extended legs, as tised 

for the Totemic badge of one of the 

three clans of the Lenni Lenape, or 

Delaware Indians. ' 41 3 

"Weasel. 408. {Putorius 
noveboracensis. ) Sometimes turn- 
ing all white in winter, brown- 
backed, keen-scented, night-hunt- 
ing, wholesale destroyer and blood- 
sucker of rats mice frogs birds and 
chickens. 

Rabbit. 403. (Lep/is Jlori- 

danus.) With brown cinnamon 
408 and grey fur, and white under 





tail, very prolific, subsisting on roots and 
vegetables, burrowing, crouching till al- 
most touched, very fleet, doubling to 
escape dogs, the rabbit defies extermina- 
tion in spite of gunners in season, minks 
weasels crows and hawks. Hard is the 
heart, which, unmoved to pity, sees the 
trembling rabbit crouching by a log or 
weed stalk, while the dogs bark and race 
in distant circles. 

Rattlesnake. 404. ( Crotalus 

horridus. ) Less poisonous than the cobra 
of India, or the fer de lance of Martinique, 




403 



Treasury Room. 



77 




404 



(404 Continued) 
devourer of small rodents, the deadly 
rattlesnake, where he survives in the Ap- 
palachians from New Hampshire to Flor- 
ida, is justly dreaded by man. About four 
feet long, sluggish, coiling, rattling, re- 
luctantly striking, the brown or blackish 
yellow diaper-striped snake, was avoided 
and venerated by Indians and white men, 
and but very rarely conciliated by snake 
loving mountaineers, who dare to pick up 
the fanged reptile in their hands. 




Indian Rock Carving. 
409. One of nearly 200 
other figures, probably an elk, 
pecked with sharp stones by In- 
dians, agains't the sides of three 
boulders known as Little Indian 
Rock, Big Indian Rock, and a 
third unnamed stone, in the Sus- 
quehanna rapids at Safe Harbor. 

mole. 405. {Scalops aqua- 
tions. ) Devourer not of roots or 
plants, but of earth worms, with 409 

gimlet nose, almost invisible min- 
ute eyes, glossy silver grey fur, and 
powerful hairless clawed hands, the mole 
wedges and delves a little tunnel close 
under the summer sod, or deeper under 
frost, where his heaps of excavated earth 
rise to the surface to mark his work. Not 
where the truckman grumbles at young 
vegetable roots dried by the uplift of 
these undermining tunnels, nor where 
the man with the lawn mower and rake 
artificializ- 
es nature in 
village o r 
suburb, but 




405 



where by the old "barn bridge" genera- 
tions of geese and sheep have pastured 
upon the venerable sod, may the observer 
mark with pleasure, ramifying lines of 
darker green shadows, penciled upon the 
turf, tracing the uuswelling vaults of the 
moles' galleries that settle back after 




406 



Soft Snelled Crab. 406. ( Cal- 

linecetes hastatus.) The maritime blue crab in its shell (hard shell), 

or having recently cast 
its shell in summer 
(soft shell), inhabits 
the muddy beaches of 
the Delaware Chesa- 
peake and Atlantic tide 
water coasts. Deviled, 
broiled, fried, hashed, 
dressed in many ways, 
it ranks, like the terra- 
pin ovste'r and canvas- 
back duck as a boasted 
national dish. 

Indian Rock 
Carving. 411. 

One of the animal 
4.U figures pecked by 




78 



Treasury Room. 




Indians by pounding with sharp stones, against the smooth freshet- 
worn eastern side of a large boulder, known as Big Indian Rock, in 
the middle of the rapids of the Susquehanna at Safe Harbor. 

Box Tortoise. 407. ( Cistudo Carolina. ) Celebrated in white 
man's story and legend, venerated as an emblem of wisdom by the 

Indian, the sluggish un- 
wieldy reptile, heavily 
armored above and be- 
I low by carapace and 
I plastron, resists without 
I much effort, the attack 
of many enemies; some- 
times defying the tear- 
ing of the eagle's beak 
and talons, as when, if 
the legend be true, a 
bird of prey high in air, 
killed the Greek poet 
Aeschylus by dropping 
a tortoise upon his head. 
407 

The Raccoon. 412. {Pro- 
cyon lotor.) Cousin to the bear, hiber- 
nating in winter, feeding on shellfish 
mussels birds turtle eggs insects nuts 
fruits frogs and corn, soaking its food 
in water, this gray-brown animal with 
white-striped tail, dwelling in trees, 
hunting at night, and a good swimmer, 
is easily tamable as a pet by man, 
who has not exterminated him in 
Pennsylvania. 

Indian Panther. 416. One 

of the animal figures, probably a 
panther, pecked by Indians by pound- 
ing with sharp stones against the 
smooth, freshet-worn, eastern side of 412 

a large boulder, known as Big Indian 

Rock, in the middle 
of the rapids of the 
Susquehanna at Safe 
Harbor. 

Potter Terra- 
pin. 330. (Pseti- 

dcmys rugosa.) Hav- 
ing learned to eat tor- 
toises in general from 
. the Indian, who con- 

tinually roasted them 
on open fires, the white man 
digs the hibernating red-bellied 
terrapin from the winter mud of 
fresh water streams, and, throw- 
ing him alive into boiling water, 
cleans cooks and eats him, eggs 
and all. Outranking for man's 
food, all national dishes, save 
the canvasback duck, the reptile 
is threatened with extermina- 
tion in Pennsylvania, where he 
is easily confused with the yet 
more esteemed salt water terra- 
pin (A/alacoclemmys palustris). 
from five to seven dollars per quart 
stir in fifty to seventy per cent, of 






\V 



330 

hen the meat of the latter sells at 
in Philadelphia, the vendor may 
the bones flesh and eggs of the 



Right Corridor. 



79 




93 




" potter," whereupon few epicures can detect 
the cheat. 

Apples. 93. ( Mains. ) Originally pro- 
duced in Persia, the apple of the north 
temperate zone, now Americanized, may well 
contest its claim to be the greatest of the 
world's fruits, with the orange of the tropics. 

The Butterfly. 184. Through one 
of the most marvelous changes in nature, 
sometimes lasting over winter, by way of 
egg laid upon a 
twig, voracious 
leaf -eating, 
skin -molting caterpillar, pseudo-death as 
a grub-mummy wrapped in self-made 
coffin, long sleep and gorgeous resurrec- 
tion, the sun-loving, honey-seeking but- 
terfly, cancelling in winged beauty the 
caterpillar's harm, emerges upon the lap 
of summer, to outvie the fairest of her 
flowers. 

Franklin and the Kite. 180. 

Experimenting with electricity during a 184 

thunder storm, in the fields near Phila- 
delphia in June 1752, Franklin drew an 
electric spark down a kite string at- 
tached to a key. A world-celebrated ex- 
periment, suggesting lightning rods, and 
foreshadowing the telegraph. 

XhePine. X9 4* Represented 
by about 39 related species in the United 
States, shallow rooted, evergreen,, highly 
valued for its wood, distilled for turpen- 
tine and pitch, darkening the Rocky 
mountain slopes or sandy seacoast, whis- 
pering in varied seolian tones, and as the 
white pine {Pinus strobits), rivaling in 
beauty the cedar of Lebanon or the 
Deodar of India, the 
tree in the form of 
^qq the white pine rap- 

idly destroyed by 
axe and saw, awaits its last chance of preser- 
vation, as a tree kept for ornament. 

Pears. 198. (Pyrus communis.) Rival 
of the apple, and perhaps surpassing the peach 

and apricot, un- 
known in prehis- 
toric America, 

cultivated from the large wild native 
tree of Europe and Asia, dwarfed by 
grafting on the quince, the transatlantic 
pear has been a garden favorite since 
the days of Pliny and Virgil. Highly 
perfected in France and the Nether- 
lands, under glass or upon trellises, it 
has been generally neglected in Penn- 
sylvania, where it yet excels as the 
sweet yellow Bartlett, or the remark- 
able aromatic and unique Seckel. The 
latter, probably the most original fruit 
ever produced in the United States, 
ig3 originated in a pear tree, grown by 






194 



80 



Right Corridor. 



chance before 1800 close within the confluence of the Delaware and 
Schuylkill Rivers. Brought to the world's attention by the land 
owner Lawrence Seckel. about 1800. Blew down in 1904. 

Bumble Bee. *59» [Bornbus vagans.) Indigenous to Amer- 
ica. Making hotiev-lined nests in small colonies underground, and 

when attacked by boys slashing 
shingle paddles bored with holes or 
leafy branches, defending its home to 
fhe death. Fertilizing flowers, carry- 
ing honey and wax as it hums in the 
sunbeams, buzzing for liberty against 
glass windows, or boring tunnels in 
the wood of old window sills, the 
American bee, undomesticated and 
unhived, like- his honey-producing 
cousin imported from Europe, remains 
wild to vie with the butterfly, locust 
and dragon-fly as one of the chief de- 
lights of summer's fairest days. 




159 




The Blue Jay. 195. ( Cyan- 
ocittd cristata. ) The trumpet cry of 
the blue jay startles the quiet woods, 

while his blue wings gleam through the leaf 

shadows, as upon his omnivorous search for 

food, he seizes the autumnal chestnut, or in 

spring, devours young birds and steals bird 

eggs no less remorselessly than the ornithologist 

multiplies his skins for the cabinet, or the lady 

distorts his stuffed form, glass-eyed, upon 

her hat. 

Beaver. 24. (Castor canadensis.) While 195 

the prolific subterranean muskrat, delivered 

from his terrible enemy the mink, multi- 
plies in the midst of civilization, the sensi- 
tive beaver instantly shrinks from contact 
with the human invader, who has almost 
exterminated him in Pennsylvania. The 
story of his matchless skill becomes a half- 
forgotten school boy's fable, and common 
knowledge no longer testifies to the fact 
that the animal resembling an enormous 
heavy tailed muskrat, gnaws down trees so 
as to lock them across streams, thereby 
forming driftwood dams with sufficient 
water for his island village. 




24 



Felling the Forest. x«>r. Neither 
steam car trolley automobile coal or iron 
mine oil or gas well probably worked the 
terrestrial change, suddenly produced, 
when the white colonist, with resounding 
blows of the long bitted axes of his an- 
cestors, first dissipated the immemorial 
tree shade of the great forest. As 
the ancient red American retired or per-. 
ished, houses cities and villages rose. 
Then the chimney swallow nested in its 
first chimney, the purple martin in its 
first man-made toyhouse, and the wren in 
a man prepared calabash. The quail and 
lark left the forest for open fields of man- 
planted grass. The crow first robbed the 
farmer's corn, the prolific muskrat, liber- 
ated by farmer's trap from his mink 
enemy, overpopulated the banks of mill 191 




Right Corridor. 



81 



ponds, the housefly first buzzed in the log horse stable, and the 
European house rat overran the region, while the watercress of 
the old world invaded springs newly sunlit, and a hundred new 
European flowers sprang up by freshly cleared roads. 

'Wild Turkey. l8r. {Meleagris gallopavo.) The wild turkey 
approaches extermination in the Eastern United States, by modern 

North Americans who have sought to 

J domesticate no wild native creature. In 
the closely related form of its Mexican 
cousin, origin of our farmyard Christ- 
mas bird, it was domesticated by pre- 
historic New Mexican cliff dwellers and 
Aztecs, and went to Europe with the 
Spaniards. Bred in the farmyards of 

] Italy; England, Germany and France, 
and illustrated in the paintings of Bas- 
sano in the 16th century, the turkey, 
called "welsch hahn" and "indianer" 
in 'Germany, "dandon" in France, 
and miscalled after the Sultan's coun- 
try in the land of its birth, came back 
to the new world by way of the old. 



181 

Oak Leaves. 196. ( Querais. ) 
Long lived, colossal, durable, with color- 
producing bark, and sawdust highly val- 
ued by the carpenter. The slow grow- 
ing oak, though unknown in Australia 
and tropical Africa, with varioiis Ameri- 






185 

warejlndians, < deposed in 1718 and 
succeeded by Chief Allumpees) ac- 
cording to local tradition, commit- 
ted suicide on the banks of Nesham- 
iny Creek about 1750, and was 
buried there upon territory which 
he himself had sold to Penn in 
1683. A political society in New 
York adopted his name. 

Pears. 192. (Pyrus com- 
munis. ) Rival of the apple, and 
perhaps surpassing the peach and 
apricot, unknown in prehistoric 
America, cultivated from the large 



196 

can forms as the black, red, 
pin, white and swamp oak, 
ennobles the forests of Asia, 
Europe and America in the 
north temperate zone. The 
familiar ashen-barked white 
oak was the frequently 
named land mark in old 
deeds. 

The Death of 
Tammany. 185. A 

very old Indian said to be 
the celebrated Tammanend, 
head chief so-named of 
the Lenni Lenape (Dela- 




192 



82 



Right Corridor. 



-wild native tree of Europe and Asia, dwarfed by grafting" on the 
quince, the transatlantic pear has been a garden favorite since the days 
of Pliny and Virgil. Highly perfected in France and the Nether- 
lands, under glass or upon trellises, it has been generally neglected in 
Pennsylvania, where it yet excels as the sweet yellow Bartlett, or the 
remarkable aromatic and unique Seckel. The latter probably the 
most original fruit ever produced in the United States, originated in a 
pear tree grown by chance before 1800, close within the confluence 

of the Delaware and Schuylkill 

■ «» ■■ Rivers. Brought to the world's 

I^j|TPj ^MgKf^gJ'^'Vtm attention by the land owner Law- 

** '*■ rence Seckel, about 1800. Bore 

fruit in 1885. It blew down in 1904. 

Clover Stripper. 188. 

The farmer by means of shafts, 
pulls a wooden comb projecting 
from a wheeled box, across the 
clover field, thus tearing off the 
ripe seed-filled tops, which, as they 
clog the teeth, a boy rakes into the 
box. Predecessor and type of all 






^Bfer 



»W! 



188 

reaping machines, lacking only the 
transverse knives. Described as for 
reaping wheat or rye when drawn by 
oxen, by Pliny. Surviving in Ger- 
many and probably France through 
the middle ages. Brought to America 
and used among Pennsylvania Ger- 
mans until 1840. 

Seal of Philadelphia 1701. 
200. A shield quartered with figures 





200 



of clasped human hands scales a 
wheat sheaf and a ship, is bordered 
by the circular inscription SEAL 
OF THE CITY OF PHILADEL- 
PHIA 1701. 

Rivetting: Steel Plate. 
214. Two plates of wrought steel, 
perforated with superposed holes, 
are rolled in the grip of a powerful 
machine, which, dropping hot riv- 
ets into the adjusted orifices, 
squeezes flat (clinches) the ends 
above and below by heavy pressure. 



214 

Wolf. 205. (Cam's occiden- 
talis.) Hunting in winter packs, 
running down foxes and smaller 
animals, or destroying the larger dis- 
abled elk or moose, howling, bur- 
rowing, always hungry, tamed by 
savages, and part ancestor of the 
friendly "dog, the American gray 
wolf, devourer of sick bison, bison 
calves and domestic cattle, has been 




205 



Right Lobby. 



83 




222 



more easily driven off and extermin- 
ated than his fierce cousin of north- 
ern Europe. 

Grapes. 333. The European 
grape, having produced wine for eigh- 
teen centuries, was transplanted to the 
garden of the Penusylvanian farmer 
and generally neglected. Though re- 
maining sweet and edible, so as to 
outrival the native fox and chicken 
grape, or flavor a home-brewed sugared 
acid wine, whether deteriorated by 
soil climate or lack of skill, in spite of 
extensive efforts in California New 
Jersey New York etc., the grape no 



longer (1908), produces for the 
American the ancient drink of 
his European ancestors. 

School Out. 2XO. With 
the inspiring hubbub that Eu- 
gene Aram heard, and less loud 
in country than in city, the 
pent up boys and girls, let loose 
from school recess, play leap 
frog, tag, prisoner's base, mar- 
bles, tipcat, catch ball, and 
jump rope, dig the gutter sand, 
mark play houses with rows of 
stones and flags of chicken 

feathers, or garnish the trunks of trees 

with wild flowers. 




210 




226 



The Pine. 336. Sawed for 
boards, hard or soft, white or yellow, 
origin of pitch, scored for exuding resin, 
the pine tree covers the northern hills 
and southern swamps. In the distinctive 
form of the beautiful white pine [Pinus 
strobus), rivalling the cedar of Lebanon 
or the Deodar of India, with its bare 
winglike limbs feathered only at the 
ends, the valuable tree, cut with the 
axe or movable saw, and floated down 
stream in the form of trimmed logs, 
seems to approach extermination. 

Fall of the Primeval Forest. 
207. The Latin inscription ARBORES 
CADUNT EMERGNT HOMINES, with 
its third word abbreviated, (translated, 
trees fall men rise), refers to the immense 
change worked upon man and nature, when 
one of the greatest forests of the globe first 
yielded its shadow to the sunlight. 

The House of Steel. 304. A 

fantastic serrated profile, as of castles and 
palaces, rises dream-like in the distance, 
where walls of immense height tower above 207 

windy highways, narrow in proportion, as 

the mediaeval streets of old Europe. The vision fades as you ap- 
proach, and enter scaffolds of Pennsylvania!! steel, veneered with 




84 



Right Lobby. 




(204 Continued) 
»crusts of stone or brick, partitioned 
monotonously in fifteen or twenty con- 
gested layers (stories), of duplicated 
steam -heated pigeon holes (offices), 
where the modern American city, hav- 
ing overcrowded the earth, rises to 
the sky. 

Husking: Corn. 201. No ma- 
chine having yet been invented to husk 
maize, the farmer, having thrown the 
unbound shock of stalks, cleared from 




204 

the "horse" stiffened stack upon 
the ground, still (1908) kneels 
in the cold autumnal days as 
his colonial ancestor did, upon 
the dry stalks, tearing the husk 
from the ear by means of a peg 
of iron or wood strapped to the 
mid fingers of the right hand, 
and projecting between thumb 
and forefinger. 201 

Shoemaker. 203. Befote 
the days of country stores or shoe 
factories, the itinerant farm-hand 
shoemaker lodging at the farm 
house, bringing leather from the 
country tannery, carrying his tools 
with him, and finding lasts in the 
garret, made shoes for the family. 

The Crew. 202. ( Corvus 

americanus. ) Not from his striking 
color and figure, his anatomy or 
his habits according to the bird 
book, might the nonmigrating, in- 
comparably sagacious, grain-eating 
crow claim distinction, but rather 
from the fact that he stands su- 
preme among birds, as victorious 
in an eternal life struggle against 
the human maxim, man-condemn- 
ed but man-practiced, that might 
makes right. Marshalled in de- 
structive flocks, guided, guarded and gen- 
eralled, scouting, watching, venturing, de- 
spising the scarecrow, evading trap and 
poison, guaging gun range as it extends, the 
ever-present crow, defying the northern 
winter, despoils the human spoiler, from the 
exact standpoint of the latter. 

Pears. 227. {Pyrus communis.) Rival 
of the apple, - and perhaps surpassing the 
peach and apricot, unknown in prehistoric 
America, cultivated from the large wild 202 




203 




Right Lobby. 



85 




227 

1800. It blew down in 



(227 Continued) 
native tree of Europe and Asia, dwarfed 
by grafting on the quince, the trans- 
atlantic pear has been a garden favorite 
since the days of Pliny and Virgil. 
Highly perfected in France and the 
Netherlands, under glass or upon trel- 
lises, it has been generally neglected in 
Pennsylvania, where it yet excels as the 
sweet yellow Bartlett, or the remarkable 
aromatic and unique Seckel. The latter, 
probably the most original fruit ever 
produced in the United States, origin- 
ated in a pear tree grown by chance be- 
fore 1800, close within the confluence of 
the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. 
Brought to the world's attention by the 
land owner Lawrence Seckel, about 
1904. 



The Sunfisli. 317. Where 
the meadow brook deepens under 
hazel bushes, or plunges into the 
the milldam's pool, or where sun- 
beams piercing the warped 
boards of the old byroad bridge, 
illumine the scented water, bare- 
footed children, with worm boxes 
poles strings pin hooks and 
puppy, peeping downward, be- 
hold the sunfish, akin to human- 
ity in its eyes, fanning itself 
with winglike fins, a translucent 





190 



317 

golden shadow in an enchanted 
water world. 

Thrashing With the 
Flail. 190. With a heavy 
club, loosely tied (sometimes 
fastened with a hickory swivel) 
to the end of a staff, the farm- 
ers, by an ancient method sur- 
viving from Roman times, club 
the grain from the wheat stalks. 
The familiar measured drum- 
ming sound of flails on the barn 
floor, generally superseded by 
the whirr of thrashing machines 
worked by horse treadmills, 
about 1860. The flail still (1908) 
used occasionally for rye, the 



desirable straws of which are too much torn 
by the thrashing machine. 

Plover. 218. ( Aegialitis vocifera. ) 
Everywhere familiar with its cry of '"kill- 
deer," its sensational flutterings, and feign- 
ings of lameness along meadow or pond, the 
long-legged, red eye-lidded, white collared 
plover, unmindful of cow or horse, demon- 
strates its love for eggs nest or young, by mis- 
leading in vain chase the destructive boy or 
bounding puppy in the hatching days of spring. 

Skating. 302. The paintings of Ostade and Teniers show 
the sport of skating flourishing in Holland before the settlement of 
Pennsylvania. Introduced as a boyish sport by first settlers with metal 




218 



36 



Right Lobby. 




302 



(302 Continued) 
skates and derived from earlier boys' prac- 
tice of propelling themselves across ice 
by thrusts of spiked staves, upon animals' 
shin bones strapped to the feet. Before 
1856 very long steel projections of the skate 
runner curled back over the skater's toe. 

Apples. 220. {Malus.) Originally 
produced in Persia, the apple of the north 
temperate zone, now Americanized, may 
well contest its 
claim with the 
orange of the 
tropics to be the 
greatest of the 
world's fruits. 



Red-Bird. 219. (Cardinah's can 

di)ialis.) Vivid, scarlet-crested, heavy- 
billed, active, non-migrator}% named from 
the scarlet robe of the Catholic high 
ecclesiastic, most conspicuous of songsters, 
lurking in summer in 
chosen wet bramble 
thickets, or flashing 





220 



hope and warmth into the drab woods of winter, 
the cardinal bird, rich in song, is often seen im- 
prisoned for life in a small cage. 

School In. 209. Before 1830, many 
school masters from Scotland taught Pennsyl- 
vania's English speaking youth, in school houses 
of logs, or octagonal buildings with desks ranged 
219 round the walls, and warmed by cast iron 

("Dutch" warming, or later "ten-plate" warming and heating) 
stoves placed in the middle. The organizing of public schools with 
compulsory English instruc- 
tion in 1840, superseding the 
older German schools in the 
Pennsylvania German dis- 
tricts, ended the art of Frac- 
tur, or illuminated writing, 
and the punishment of the 
bocks brille (goats' spec- 
tacles), worn by bad boys 
when thrown at them by 
the teacher. 

Shad. 206. ( Clupea 

sap idiss ima.~) Ascending 

eastern seaboard rivers in 

the spring to spawn, lost in 

winter in the ocean's depth, 

the sensitive graceful shad, 

dying in captivity, or at the 209 

friction of nets, immensely 

prolific, migrating in shoals, pro- 
tected by law, netted in the spring, 
was fried in the long-handled frying 
pan, broiled on the gridiron by the 
open fire of the old farm kitchen, or 
roasted on a plank by the bonfire of 
the Delaware River fisherman. 

The Sower. 212. An open- 
mouthed bag hangs round the 
206 sower's left shoulder, and his right 





Right Lobby. 



87 




(112 Continued) 
hand seizes and scatters the grain, in 
time measured with his steps, as he 
strides across the plowed harrowed and 
rolled field. 

Penn's Seal of Pennsyl- 
vania. 225. A shield with the 
arms of William Penn, against a back- 
ground adorned with scrolls, and in- 
scribed -with the words "MERCY 





212 

JUSTICE," is bordered by the circular 
inscription WILLIAM PENN PRO- 
PRIETOR AND GOVERNOR OF 
PENNSYLVANIA. 225 

The Elm. 310. ( Ulmus americana. ) 
Less conspicuous and beloved for village 
shade than in New England, the white, 
American or water elm of Pennsylvania, 
often vase-shaped in the outline of its 
plumed branches, loves water courses and 
escapes the barbarism of Pennsylvania Ger- 
man village tree-topping, in moist woods. 
The most celebrated tree of its kind in 
Pennsylvania, venerated as shading the 
treaty of Penn with the Indians at Kensing- 
ton in 1682, and protected from firewood 
hunters by the British General Simcoe's 
sentry in the Revolution, blew down in 1810 
31 at an age of 283 j-ears. 

Mason and Dixon's Line. 300. 

A series of marble posts inscribed each with 
a pair of small armorial shields, for William 
Penn and Lord Baltimore, (see specimens at 
Pennsylvania and Maryland Historical So- 
cieties), set five miles apart, and interplaced 
with less elaborate pillars, of which some 
still (1908) stand in place, marked the most 
celebrated boundary in the United States, 
surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah 
Dixon between 1763 and 1767. The mosaic 
shows a negro workman setting one of the 
posts for the surveyors. Ever after regarded 
as dividing the territory customs and 
ideals of the north and south Atlantic 
States, dwelt upon during the Civil war in 
speech and story, baptizing the whole southern region with the name 
" Dixie," the celebrated boundary is often recalled by the words and 
music of two superlatively American songs, '' I'se Gwine to Dixie " 
by C. A. White, and the still better known " Way Down South in 
Dixie " by Daniel Emmett, ancestor of negro minstrels. 

Reaping" Machine. 301. A large steel comb combs the 
grain stalks, at the same time cutting thent by the cross horizontal 




300 



86 



Right Lobby. 




301 

Factories. 2l6. Not archi- 
tecture of beauty for man or state, 
but a stern confusion of irregular 
roofs, windy galleries, soot-dimmed 
windows and smoky towers, black 
gigantic and significant, rises against 
the sky above the modern city, to 
mark the dominance of machinery 
over human hand labor since 1820. 
Who shall measure the meaning of 
the nightly flash and perpetual roar, 
upon which the strength wealth 
comfort hope ignorance errors cruelty 
pride and success of modern hu- 
manity slowly advances to nobler 
things. 



(30X Continued) 
slash of internal triangular 
double-edged knives. Devel- 
oped from various inventions 
in England and America by 
the middle of the 19th cen- 
tury, based upon the grain 
comb minus knives de- 
scribed by Pliny, and sur- 
viving in Pennsylvania as 
the "clover stripper" (see 
No. 188), the reaping ma- 
chine superseded the prime- 
val sickle, and the mediseval 
cradle scythe, about 1830. 




216 




303 



es a ball of 
plastic clay to 
revolve on a 
wooden disk 
in- the table 
top, and to rise 

into bowl shape, at the pressure of his wet 

slippery fingers. 

Blowing the Conch Horn. 313. 

Farther than the jingle of mule bells on the 
tow path, and above the roar of the locked 
sluice, comes at evening the muffled far 
reaching mellow sound of the conch horn, 
a punctured shell of strombus gigans, blown 
by the lip vibration of the canal boatman, 
as the mule-towed boat approaches the lock. 



Reading the Declaration 
of Independence. 303. While 
the soldier, as seen in the mosaic, 
reads the Declaration of Independence, 
a statesman stands by him, tj-pifying 
the rival claims of war and states craft 
to the founding of the nation, and the 
soldier's denial, that in the revolution 
of 1776, the pen was mightier than the 
sword. 

Potter at the "Wheel. 314. 

Pushing with his bare foot a large 
wooden horizontal fly wheel, or stick 
strapped to a crank under the table, the 
seated potter, supplied with wooden 
scoop, wet leather, soaked cloth, water 
box, etc., caus- 




314 



Right Lobby. 



89 




313 



1,313 Continued) 
Thus warned the dozing keeper opens the 
lock without loss of time, as the night 
end of the boatman's journey approaches. 
Still used (1908) on the Delaware and 
Lehigh canal. 

The Telephone. 307. The elec- 
tric signalling of messages on wires, 
from great dis- 
t a n c e s, was 
immensely en- 
larged in scope 
when man 
learned how to 

talk directly along wires at from one to 

three hundred miles distance. Telephone 

invented as a high development of the 

work of earlier inventors by Alexander 

Graham Bell 1874-1877. 

Hoeingf Corn. 309. Maize, which 
will not ripen in the cool summers of Eng- 
land and North Ger- 
many, grows freely in 
the hot August suns of 
Pennsylvania. You 307 

helped the process by 

hoeing out the soil exhausting weeds, where be- 
tween the corn stalks, because of interplanted 
beans or pumpkins, you dared not let a horse 
drag a cultivator. Hasten the work while the 
thunder cloud rolls overhead promising the re- 
freshing help of summer rain. It was on the old 
field hoe with ferrule welded to blade, that a daub 
of plastered corn meal was baked into the negro's 
hoe cake over a bon fire. 

Boys Playing: Marbles* 316. With 
little balls of burnt clay or glass, called marbles, and 
nicknamed "commies," 





309 



"bullies," or "aggies," 
the bo} ? s shoot between 
thumb and forefinger (knuckles down) 
"bullies" and other marbles, in and out ot 
circles or ellipses, inscribed on the smooth 
trodden earth of town commons foot paths 
or school grounds, Thus trolling for first 
shot into the ring (common marbles), or 
shooting from the circumference (bully in 
the ring), or in or out of heel holes at a 
hand span's distance, contending in earnest 
"for keeps" as little gamblers, or "inlun," 
whether winning or "strapped," they 
play an ancient 
game probably 





308 



derived from 31 6 

bowls, familiar 

in eastern Europe in the 13th century. 

Brought to America from Britain. Played 

in Oldenburg Germany, and in Silesia 

(kugeln) about 1880. 

Button-wood. 308. {Plalanus oc- 
cidental's. ) The huge sycamore tree, 
seventy to one hundred feet high, with 
conspicuous scaly bark, is decorated over 
winter with brown button-shaped fruit. 
Massive-limbed with open shade, early 



90 



Right Outer Corridor. 



bared in autumn, and with glittering 
bark spotted with green and gray, the 
tree was the farmer's choice of old to 
shade the spring house. 

The Muskrat. 34<>. {Fiber 
zibetliiais.) The amphibious prolific 
muskrat, inhabiting lakes and streams, 
invading cultivated lands, threatening 
dams and canals, destroying the water 
lily and lotus where they bar', flourished 
before, defies man's efforts to dig him 
out and ex- 
terminate 
him, and in- 
creases rather than disappears before the 
same civilization which, in exterminating 
the blood-letting mink, has withdrawn 
from his life struggle the muskrat's worst 
enemy. 




346 




304 



Trotting: Horse. 304. As the 

chief attraction of state and county fairs, 

and the prime occasion of bets prizes and 

purses, carefully bred horses, driven by 

jockey drivers in light wagons or carts 
(sulkies), race on tracks at about 140. 
seconds per mile. The sport characteristic- 
ally American, in high favor about 1840-'80, 
now (1908) wanes in favor of horse races 
run, Ivy horses with mounted jockies. 




Sweet Gum. 311. {Liqnidambar 
styraciflua. The lofty erect sweet gum, 
with its burrlike brown winter fruit, wing- 
lets of corky bark skewered through its 
branches like the scales of an alligator, 
called liquid-ambar 
and alligator wood, 
is not so resinous as 

its Asiatic cousins, producing the storax gum. 

With its five-pointed leaves of unsurpassable 

beaut}-, it outvies the foliage of maple trees, in 

the flaming glory of its autumn color. 




311 



The Sheep. 356. No American an- 
imals or birds (save the dog and turkey 
trained by Indian or Eskimo), having been 
domesticated by white North Americans, and 
all other domesticated animals and birds now 
established in North America, having been 
tamed in the old world, not by civilized man, 

but by savages in 
the stone age, the 

sheep, contributor of wool clothing and 
mutton, and second only to the horse 
and cow as man's helper, Americanized 
by earliest settlers, came from Europe 
like the rest. 

Grain Elevator. 355. Over- 
arching the freight car on its track, and 
the ship in its dock, a lofty building re- 
ceives the world's food, as grain, lifted 
into its storage bins, on running straps 
armed with boxes, to drop it again 
through tubes into ship or car, for 
355 further transfer or export. The L,atin 




356 



Right Outer Corridor. 



91 




inscription NATIONIS GRANARIA is trans- 
lated, granary of the nation. 

Coal Breaker. 358. Grim uncouth 
fantastic, black with smoke and dust, a 
wooden structure with lofty windowed gal- 
leries rises against the sky. Through it the 
anthracite coal, lifted in masses from the 
mines of the Lehigh and Susquehanna, is 
crushed and run through various sieves, for 
"egg," "stove," "chestnut," "pea," "rice," 
and "buckwheat" sizes, to fall from aloft 
into cars. 

Automobile. 353. When about 1900, 
the invention of light gasoline motor engines 
enabled the operation of road wagons by 



358 




mechanism at 20 miles 
or more per average hour, 
the now (1908) famous 
automobile appeared to rev- 
olutionize road traffic, im- 
prove highways, ease the 
toil of the horse, encroach 
upon the passenger trans- 
port of railroads, increase 
the personal contact of 
scattered individuals, and 
renew the city man's ac- 
quaintance with the 
country. 353 

Camera and Photographer. 
305* Photography the process rendered 
practical by Daguerre (1839) of staining the 
lights and shadows of natural objects in 
picture form upon sensitized glass, improved 
by reprinting from the glass picture upon 
sensitized paper, and developed by amateur 
experiments about 1885-1900, soon super- 
seded older hand methods of picture mak- 
ing and picture reproducing. Marking 
the downfall of wood and steel engraving, 
the process while destroying certain forms 
of art, offsets the loss in its contribution to 
human progress. 

Penn's Seal of Philadelphia. 
312. The mosaic shows a group of con- 
ventionalized houses surrounded with 
the inscription WILLIAM PENN PRO- 
PRIETOR AND GOVERNOR PHILA- 
DELPHIA. Devised for William Penn 
about 1682. 

John Fitch's Steamboat. 
306. The mosaic shows John Fitch's 
oared steam passenger boat plying on 
the Delaware River from Philadelphia 
to Bristol in 1790, seventeen years be- 
fore Fulton's "Clermont" succeeded 
upon the Hudson River, and six years 
before Symington's "Charlotte Dundas" 
towed canal boats on the Clyde Canal, 
yet 247 years after Blasco de Gary, 83 312 




305 




92 



Right Outer Corridor. 




■i-'ji 







306 Continued) 
years after Dennis 
Papin, and 7 years 
after de Jouffroy. 
Many schoolboys in 
the United States have 
been erroneously 
taught that Robert Ful- 
ton invented the steam 
boat. See page 73. 

Franklin's 
Press. 352. Print- 
ing invented by the 
Chinese as a process 
of pressing sheets of 
paper, by rubbing with 





352 



306 

a hand brush or cloth, against inked groups 
of assembled block letters. Reinvented by 
the Germans, Guttenburg and Faust, about 
1450, and revolutionized by the Swiss- 
American Mergenthaler in 1895. Modern- 
izing and vastly transforming human 
thought since the 16th century, it em- 
ployed the labor of Benjamin Franklin in 
his earlier days. 



Dragon Fly. 362. Believed to be 

the "Doctor" or feeder of the water snake, 
by the barefooted 
country boy, as the 
latter searches the 
creek for bullfrogs, 
or lifts with skilled 
hand the unresisting 

half-hypnotized mullet ("sucker") from his 
water hole under the bank. The dragon fly in 
several closely related family forms as "snake 
feeder" or "mosquito hawk," emerging from an 
early submarine life to cast its shell and take 
wing, vies with the butterfly as a charmer of 

children and type of the fire and 

energy of mid summer. 

Rattlesnake. 366. ( Cro- 

lalus horridus. ) I^ess poisonous 

than the cobra of India, or the 

fer de lance of Martinique, de- 

vourer of small rodents, the 

deadly rattlesnake, where he sur- 
vives in the Appalachians from 

from New Hampshire to Florida, 
is justly 
dreaded 
by man. 
About 

four feet long, sluggish, coiling, rattling, re- 
luctantly striking, the brown or blackish- 
yellow diaper-striped snake, was avoided and 
venerated by Indians and white men, and 
but very rarely conciliated by snake-loving 
mountaineers, who dare to pick up the 
fanged reptile in their hands. 



362 





366 



360 



Flying Squirrel. 360. {Sciurop- 
icrus volans.) Nocturnal, dwelling in large 
gnawed holes in dead trees, old house cor- 
nices, deserted garrets, or summer houses, 



Right Outer Corridor. 



93 




369 



sometimes imprisoned in tin cages by the 
farmer's boy, the beautiful flying squirrel 
outvies in celebrity many larger animals, by 
flitting at night diagonally from tree to tree 
upon winglike extensions of its leg skin. 

Gasometer. 369. A huge bolted 
sheet iron bottomless barrel-shaped vessel. 
floating by gas compression on a tank of 
water, and pressing illuminating gas 
through pipes into city and village houses. 
Since about 1830, illuminating gas, made 
from coal, has contended and still (1908) 
contends with electricity as a house and 
street light. 



Plover. 361. {Aegialitis vocifera.) 
Everywhere familiar with its cry of "kill- 
deer," its sensational flutteringsand feignings 
of lameness along meadow or pond, the plover, 
unmindful of cow or horse, demonstrates its 
love of eggs nest and young, by misleading in 
vain chase, the destructive boy or bounding 
puppy in the hatching days of spring. 



Potter Terrapin. 363. 

mgosa. Having learned to eat 
general from the Indian, who 




361 




iWotoj 



363 



{Pseudemys 

tortoises In 

continually 

roasted them on open fires, the 
white man digs the hibernating 
red-bellied native terrapin from 
the submarine mud of fresh 
water streams, and throwing him 
alive into boiling water, cleans 
cooks and eats him eggs and 
all. Outranking for man's food 
all national dishes save the can- 
vas-back duck, the reptile is 
threatened with extermination in 
Pennsylvania, where he is easily 
confused with the yet more 




esteemed salt water terrapin {Malacoclemmys palustris). When the 
meat of the latter sells for from five to seven dollars per quart in Phila- 
delphia, the vendor may 
stir in fifty or seventy five 
percent, of the bonesflesh 
and eggs of the "potter," 
whereupon few epicures 
can detect the cheat. 

Shad. 357. {Cluped 
sapidissima. ) Netted 
while ascending in shoals 
eastern seaboard rivers in 
the spring to spawn, pro- 
tected by law, lost in win- 357 
ter in the ocean's depth, 

the immensely prolific sensitive 
graceful shad, dying in captivity or 
at the friction of nets, was fried 
in the long-handled frying pan, 
broiled on the gridiron by the open 
kitchen fire, or roasted on a plank, 
by the bonfire of the Delaware 
River fisherman. 

Trolley Car. 351. Made 

practical after several previous in- 

351 ventions (Siemens and Halske, 




94 



Right Outer Corridor. 



Berlin 1879 and Van Depole and others about 1884), about 1885, run- 
ning on tracks generally placed on city streets or country turnpikes, 
by a current of electricity passing through a wheeled iron rod sprung 
against an overhead wire. Boxed or open, windowed, heated, rapid, 
light and easily stopped, carrying freight and passengers from 
place to place, the electric railway car or trolley, has resulted in an 
immense outstretching of city and town life into the country, a great 
disturbance of rural conditions, and the 
ready introduction of the secluded farmer 
to town and city. 

Iflole. 354* (Sea fops aquaticus.) 
Devourer, not of roots or plants, but 
of earth worms, with gimlet nose, al- 
most invisible minute eyes, glossy silver 
gray fur, and powerful hairless clawed 
hands, the mole wedges and delves a 
little tunnel close under the summer 
sod, or deeper under frost, where his 
rise to the sur- 




354 



heaps of excavated earth 
face to mark his work. Not where the truck- 
man grumbles at voung vegetable roots dried 
by the uplift of these undermining tunnels, 
nor where the man with the lawn mower and 
rake artificializes nature in village or graded 
suburb, but where by the old "barn bridge" 
geese and sheep pasture upon the ancient sod, 
may the observer mark with pleasure, the 
ramifying lines of darker green shadow, pen- 
cilled upon the turf, marking the upswelhng 
vaults of the moles' galleries that settle back 
after a rain. 

Gettysburg. 389. A struggle between 
citizens of the United States at Gettysburg in 
1863, decided against the 
continued inconsistent ex- 
istence of negro slavery in 
the liberty asserting United 

States, and against the division of the Republic 
into two nations. 





389 



Reaping: With tne Sickle. 13. Lean 
forward and seizing a large bunch of wheat or rye 
with the left hand, cut the stalks near the ground, 
by drawing the keen serrated, narrow sickle blade 
across them from left to right. Then as the mosaic 
shows, you reap as your ancestors did from 
Egyptian times until about 1820, when at the 

advent of the European grain 

cradle or of the Hainault scythe 

(dispensing with stalk grasping), 

and finally the reaping machine, 

the greatest craft of husbandry 

changed suddenly and forever. 



13 



Washington Crossing 
the Delaware. 402. On 

Christmas night 1776, General 

Washington led the American 

army secretly in flatboats across 

the Delaware River, just above the 

present (1908) bridge at Morris- A.Q2. 

ville, Bucks county, and surprising 

the Hessian army employed by the British, defeated them at Trenton, 

and captured their General Rahl. 




Right Vestibule. 



95 




Rabbit. 371. (Lepus flori- 
danus. ) With brown cinnamon and 
gray fur, and white under tail, very 
prolific, subsisting on roots and 
vegetables, burrowing, crouching till 
almost touched, very fleet, doubling 
to escape dogs, the rabbit defies ex- 
termination, in spite of gunners in 
season, minks, weasels, crows and 
hawks. Hard is the heart which 
unmoved to pity, sees the terrified 
rabbit crouching by log or weed 
stalk, while the dogs bark and race 
in distant circles. 

371 Potter Terrapin. 372. 

(Pseudemys rugosa. ) Having learned 
to eat tortoises in general from 
the Indian, who continually] 
roasted them on open fires, the 
white man digs the hibernating 
red-bellied terrapin from the 
fleep mud of fresh water streams, 
ind throwing him alive into 
boiling water, cleans cooks and 
eats him, eggs and all. Out- 
ranking as man's food, all na- 
tional dishes save the canvasback 
duck, the reptile is threatened 
with extermination in Pennsyl- 
vania, where he is easily confused 
with the yet more esteemed salt water terrapin {Malacoclemmys palus~ 
tris). When the meat of the latter sells at from five to seven dollars 
per quart in Philadelphia, the vendor may stir in from fifty to seventy- 
five per cent, of the bones flesh and eggs of the "potter", whereupon 
few epicures can detect the cheat. 




372 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Amulet, Indian 3, 8 

Applebutter, Making 35 

Apples 79, 86 

Apples, Paring • . 38 

Arms of Pennsylvania 65 

Arrowheads 3, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14 

Automobile 91 

Axes 23 

Axe. Stone 3, 10, 11 

Bake Oven 59 

Baking, Woman 59 

Baltimore Oriole 27, 65 

Banner Stone 9 

Barn Owl 70 

Barrack 69 

Basket Maker 20 

Bat 42, 60 

Battleship 51 

Bear 5, 46, 56 

Bear Trap 43 

Beaver 25, 80 

Bee, Bumble 80 

Beehive 25 

Bell, Liberty 50 

Belt, Indian Wampum 18 

Blackbird 29 

Blast Furnace 71 

Blowing Horn 29, 88 

Blue Jay 20, 53, 80 

Bow, Indian Shooting With .... 11 

Box, Tinder 39 

Box Tortoise 19, 78 

Boy Rolling Hoop 63 

Braddock, General 62 

Brake, Flax 47 

Breaker, Coal 91 

Brick Making 42 

Brooch, Indian 15, 22 

Bucks County Seal 74 

Bullfrog 16, 74 

Bumble Bee 80 

Butter, Apple 35 

Butter, Churning 57 

Butterfly 44, 52, 79 

Buttonwood 6, 89 

Camera and Photographer 91 

Canal Lock 88 

Candles, Dipping 34 

Candlestick 39 

Canoe, Dugout 10 

Canoe, Indian Making 10 

Canoe, Indian Paddling 9 

Carapace, Turtle 62, 65 

Cardinal Bird 26, 33, 86 

Carpenter's Hatchet 40 

Car, Trolley 93 

Carvings, Indian ... 19, 20, 21, 75, 77 

Casting Iron 52 

Catalpa 7, 11 

Catbird '28, 32 

Catching Terrapin 37 

Cat, Wild 15, 66 

Celt, Indian ••.... 14 

Ceremonial Gorget 9 

Ceremonial Mask 3, 5 

Ceremonial Stone 9, 12 

Chain, Forging 48 

Cherries 7, 45, 69, 73 

Chicken Cock 68 

Chickens £1, 67 

Children 17 

Chimney Swallow 32, 74 

Churning Butter 57 

Cider Flagon 43 

Clearing the Forest 32 

Clover Stripper 82 

Coach, Stage 72 

Coal Breaker 91 

Coal Dealer's Wagon 49 

Coal Miner 49 

Cock. Chicken 68 

Conch Horn 88 

Cones, Pine 14, 45, 47, 70, 79, 83 

Conestoga Wagon 45, 60 

Cooking Applebutter 35 

Corn, Hoeing 89 

Corn, Husking 40, 84 

Corn, Indian 8 

Corn, Indian Grinding 6 



Page. 

Corn, Indian Hoeing 8 

Corn, Shelling 68 

Cow, Milking the 45 

Crab 65, 77 

Creek, Oil 15 

Cricket 64, 71 

Crow 21, 84 

Death of Braddock 6^ 

Death of Tammany 81 

Declaration of Independence ... 88 
Delaware, Washington Crossing . 46, 94 

Dinner Horn 29 

Dipping Candles 34 

Dixon and Mason 87 

Dog 58 

Dragon Flv 41, 92 

Drawings/Indian 14, 17, 21, 62 

Drill, Indian 11 

Duck 31. 38, 50, 71 

Dugout Canoe 10 

Dutch Oven 55 

Dutch Scythe 26, 27 

Eagle 20 

Eel 75 

Elevator, Grain 90 

Elk 33, 48 

Elm 13, 72, 87 

Engine, Locomotive 57 

Factories 88 

Fall of the Forest 83 

Farm Fence, Making 41 

Felling the Forest 23, 80 

Fence, Farm 41 

Fire, Indian Making 4 

Fire. River of 15 

Fire, Frying in Open 38 

Fitch's Steamboat 73, 91 

Flagon, Cider . ; 43 

Flail ■■ ... 35, 85 

Flax Brake 47 

Flax Reel . 54 

Flax Spinning 31 

Flax Swingling 41 

Fluid Lamp 39 

Fly, Dragon 41 , 92 

Fly, House 44, 67 

Flying Squirrel 56, 92 

Forest, Clearing the 32 

Forest, Fall of the 83 

Forest, Felling the 23, 80 

Forging a Chain 48 

Foster, Stephen Collins 61 

Fox 16, 51 

Franklin's Kite 79 

Franklin's Press 92 

Frow 59 

Frying in Open tire 38 

Furnace, Blast 71 

Gasometer 93 

German School 68 

Germantown Seal 49 

Gettysburg 61, 94 

Gorget, Indian 7, 9 

Grain Elevator 90 

Grapes •■.... 50, 59, 83 

Grasshopper 53, 54, 70, 76 

Grey Squirrel 24, 28, 30, 55 

Gridiron 43 

Grinding Corn 6 

Gristmill 30 

Grooved Axe 3, 10, 11 

Grooved Net Sinker 4 

Gum, Sour. . . ■ • ■23,26,29,31,34,37 

Gum, Sweet 6, 90 

Hatchets 40 

Hawk 20, 33 

Head, Human 17 

Heckewaelder 10, 54 

Heron 43 

Hickory 24, 27, 29 

Hoeing Corn 8, 89 

Hominy 39 

Hoop, Boy Rolling 63 

Horn, Conch 88 

Horn, Dinner 29 

Horse Shoeing 62 

Horse Trotting 90 

House Fly 44, 67 

House, Letitia 56 



INDEX. 



Page. 

House, Log ^2 

House of Steel 83 

House Pump 67 

Human Head 17 

Husking Corn 40, 84 

Independence, Declaration of . . . 88 

Indian Amulet 3, 8 

Indian Arrowhead . . .3,7,9,10,13,14 

Indian Axe 3, 10, 11 

Indian Basket Maker 20 

Indian Belt 18 

Indian Brooch 15, 22 

Indian Canoe 9 

Indian Carvings .... 19, 20, 21, 75, 77 

Indian Celt 14 

Indian Corn 8 

Indian Drawings 14, 17, 21, 62 

Indian Drill 11 

Indian Gorget 7, 9 

Indian Grinding Corn 6 

Indian Hoeing Corn 8 

Indian Knife 3 

Indian Making Canoe 10 

Indian Making Fire 4 

Indian Making Spearhead 6 

Indian Mask 3, 5 

Indian Net Sinker 4 

Indian Paddling Canoe 9 

Indian Panther 78 

Indian Picture 7, 14, 21, 62 

Indian Pipe 3. 8, 10, 11, 13 

Indian Quarrying 16 

Indian Rattlesnake 7, 19, 22 

Indian Shooting With Bow 11 

Indian Smoking 12, 18 

Indian Stone Spade 4 

Indian Tubular Pipe 11 

Indian Turtle 76 

Indian Walk 28 

Indian Wampum Belt 18 

Indians, Massacre of 13 

Iron Casting 52 

Iron Miner 64, 66 

Jasper, Quarrying 16 

Jay, Blue 20, 53, 80 

Keystone ' • .. 51, 55, 66 

Kingfisher 41, 74 

Kite, Franklin's 79 

Kittens 60 

Knife, Indian 3 

Lamp, Fluid 39 

Lamp, Lard 37 

Lantern 31 

Lard Lamp 37 

Leaves, Oak ... 3, 22, 33, 36, 47, 72, 81 

Letitia House 56 

Liberty Bell 50 

Linden 5, 6 

Lock, Canal 8S 

Lock, Open 88 

Locomotive Engine 57 

Locust 18, 41 

Log House 22 

Loon 49, 59, 66 

Machine, Reaping 87 

Making Baskets 20 

Making Bricks 42 

Making Canoe 10 

Making Farm Fence 41 

Making Fire 4 

Making Spearheads 6 

Man, Owl 5 

Man Using Frow 59 

Maple 35 

Marbles, Playing 89 

Mask Amulet 3 

Mask, Indian 3, 5 

Mask of the Owl Man 5 

Mason and Dixon 87 

Massacre of Indians 13 

Massacre of Wyoming 40 

Milking the Cow 45 

Miner, Coal 49 

Miner, Iron 61, 66 

Mole 77, 94 

Moose 43 

Mortar and Pestle 42 

Moth 69 

Muskrat 17, 52, 90 



Page. 

Netsinker, Indian 4 

North and South 61 

Oak Leaves . . . . 3, 22, 33, 36, 47, 72, 81 

Oil Creek 15 

Oil Well 49, 63 

Open Fire Frying 38 

Open Lock 88 

Opossum 5, 28, 58, 67 

Orchard Oriole 24, 32 

Oriole, Baltimore 27, 65 

Oriole, Orchard 24, 32 

Oven, Bake 59 

Oven, Dutch 55 

Owl, Barn 70 

Owl Man, Mask 5 

Owl, Screech 35 

Oysters • 53, 54, 68 

Paddling Canoe . . • 9 

Panther, Indian • ... 78 

Paring Apples 38 

Pears 79, 81, 84 

Pennsylvania Arms 65 

Pennsylvania Seal 70, 72, 87 

Penn's Treaty 42 

Pestle and Mortar 42 

Philadelphia Seal 82, 91 

Photographer 91 

Picture, Indian 7, 14, 21, 62 

Pine Cones 14,45,47,70,79, 83 

Pioneer Rifleman 24, 55 

Pipe, Indian 3, 8, 10, 11, 13 

Pipe, Indian Tubular 11 

Plate, Steel 46, 82 

Plate, Stove 36, 40 

Playing Marbles 89 

Plover 85, 93 

Plow, Shovel 25, 36 

Plow, Wooden 56 

Porcupine 20, 71 

Potter at Wheel 88 

Potter Terrapin 78, 93, 95 

Pounding Hominy 39 

Press, Franklin's 92 

Primitive Smoking 12, 18 

Pump 67 

Quail 15, 44, 73 

Quarrying Jasper 16 

Ouarrying, Indian 16 

Rabbit 64,76, 95 

Raccoon 16, 78 

Rattlesnake ... 7, 18, 19, 22, 63, 76, 92 

Reaping Machine 87 

Reaping With Sickle 25. 60, 94 

Red Bird 116, 33, 86 

Redbud 12, 34, 64 

Red-eved Vireo 24, 34 

Red Fox 16, 51 

Reel, Flax 54 

Rifleman 24, 55 

River of Fire 15 

Robin 30, 74 

Rolling Hoop 63 

Scarlet Tanager 27 

School 68 

School In 86 

School Out 83 

Screech Owl 35 

Scythe 26, 27 

Seal of Bucks County 74 

Seal of Germantown 49 

Seal of Pennsylvania 70, 72 87 

Seal of Philadelphia 82, 91 

Shad 61,86, 93 

Sharpening Scvthe 27 

Sheep ' 63, 90 

Shelling Corn 68 

Shingles, Splitting 33 

Shoeing Horse 62 

Shoemaker . 84 

Shooting, Indian with Bow 11 

Shovel Plow 25, 36 

Sickle 25, 60, 94 

Sinker, Indian Net 4 

Skating 85 

Skillet 71 

Skunk 50, 54, 57 

Smoking bv Indian 12, 18 

Snapping Turtle 46, 59, 66 

SourGum 23,26,29,31,34, 37 



INDEX. 



Page. 

South and North 61 

Sower 86 

Spade, Indian Stone 4 

Sparrow 26, 38, 75 

Spearhead 4, 14 

Spearhead, Indian Making 6 

Spider 13, 17 

Spinning Flax 31 

Spinning Wool 48 

Splitting Shingles 33 

Spud 36, 47 

Squirrel, Flying 56, 92 

Squirrel, Grey 24, 28, 30, 55 

Stage Coach 72 

Steamboat 73, 91 

Steel, House of 83 

Steel Plate 46, 82 

Stone Axe 3, 10, 11 

Stone Ceremonial 9, 12 

Stone Spade 4 

Stove Plate . 36, 40 

Stripper, Clover 82 

Sunfish 85 

Swallow 32, 74 

Swamp Blackbiid 29 

Sweep, Well 62 

Sweet Gum 6, 90 

Swingling Flax ... 41 

Tammany 81 

Tanager 27 

Telegraph 52 

Telephone 89 

Terrapin 78, 93, 95 

Terrapin, Catching 37 

Thrashing with Flail 35,85 

Tinder Box 39 



Page. 

Tin Lantern 31 

Tortoise 19, 78 

Trap, Bear 43 

Treaty of Penn 42 

Trolley Car 93 

Trotting Horse 90 

Tubular Pipe 11 

Turkey, Domestic 44 

Turkey, Wild 19, 81 

Turtle Carapace 62, 65 

Turtle, Indian 76 

Turtle, Snapping . ... 46, 59, 66 

Type Setter 69 

Typewriter 64 

Vireo 24. 34 

Wagon, Conestoga 45. 60 

Wsgon, Coal Dealer's 49 

Walk, Indian 28 

Wampum Belt 18 

Washington Crossing Delaware . 46. 94 

Weasel 21,52, 7ti 

Well, Oil 49, 63 

Well Sweep 62 

Wheel, Potter at 88 

Wheel, Wool 48 

White Children 17 

Wild Cat 15, 66 

Wild Duck 31, 38. 50, 71 

Wild Turkey ! 19, 81 

Wolf 10, 82 

Woman Baking 59 

Wooden Plow 56 

Woodpecker 30, 34, 57 

Wool, Spinning 48 

Wool Wheel 48 

Wyoming Massacre 40 



ERRATA 

Page 46, under No. 90. 

Page 94, under No. 402. 

For Morrisville 

Read Taylorsville 



mi 



'r"v v' 



■■.■■;■■■■■"■■■■ 




0U312 033 8 



